全球化（globalization）一词，是一种概念，也是一种人类社会发展的现象过程。全球化目前有诸多定义，通常意义上的全球化是指全球联系不断增强，人类生活在全球规模的基础上发展及全球意识的崛起。国与国之间在政治、经济贸易上互相依存。全球化亦可以解释为世界的压缩和视全球为一个整体。二十世纪九十年代后，随着全球化势力对人类社会影响层面的扩张，已逐渐引起各国政治、教育、社会及文化等学科领域的重视，引发大规模的研究热潮。对于“全球化”的观感是好是坏，目前仍是见仁见智，例如全球化对于本土文化来说就是一把双刃剑，它也会使得本土文化的内涵与自我更新能力逐渐模糊与丧失。
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High-level dialogue raises hopes of deal on Sino-American trade
Stark differences between the United States and China were on display at last Friday’s dialogue between their defence chiefs and top diplomats, but the meeting still raised hopes among Chinese experts that both sides would be able to progress in solving deep-rooted trade issues. The security and diplomatic dialogue - attended by Chinese State Councillor Yang Jiechi, Defence Minister Wei Fenghe, US Secretary of State Michael Pompeo and Defence Secretary James Mattis - was a significant and positive step forward, they said. While both countries’ positions on issues including Taiwan and the South China Sea differed, each stressed the importance of cooperation. They also agreed to develop a framework for military-to-military conflict de-escalation and communication. Mr Yang said that China was committed to resolving trade issues through negotiation, while Mr Pompeo said bilateral cooperation remained essential despite their differences. The meeting is the latest sign that tensions between the world’s two biggest economies could be easing. "The fact that this dialogue took place and was not postponed again is a very positive sign, and helpful to solving the trade issue," said Dr Wang Huiyao, president of Beijing-based think-tank Centre for China and Globalisation. The security dialogue was originally scheduled to be held in Beijing last month, but was postponed after ties soured over trade, Taiwan and the South China Sea. China and the US are locked in a trade war over what Washington views as China’s unfair trade practices. Both sides have levied tariffs on hundreds of billions of dollars of each other’s goods. But some experts are hoping an agreement on trade can be reached when Chinese President Xi Jinping and US President Donald Trump meet at the Group of 20 Summit in Argentina at the end of this month. This follows a phone call between the two leaders earlier this month. At a forum in Singapore last week, Chinese Vice-President Wang Qishan also signalled that China was ready to work for a solution acceptable to both sides. In the run-up to last Friday’s dialogue in Washington, Chinese state media painted it as an opportunity for the two sides to mend ties and resolve disputes. Yesterday, nationalist tabloid Global Times said: "Rarely under the current circumstances have both sides expressed such constructive attitudes." Associate Professor Li Mingjiang of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies in Singapore said recent developments seem to signal that Beijing is prepared to make "significantly more concessions" on trade. "Some of those new concessions may, to some extent, pacify the Americans and satisfy their demands, but Washington must also be realistic in its expectations," he said. From the straits times，2018-11-11
2018年11月13日 -
Here’s one thing the midterms won’t change
Some in China were hoping President Trump might be more open to a thaw in trade war discussions, given the Democrats’ election gains. Don’t count on it, says his former economic adviser.
2018年11月12日 -
霍建国：美缺乏逻辑的数据唬得了谁
专家简介
2018年11月2日 -
US steel, aluminum tariffs set to hurt its standing at WTO
Major economies challenge steel, aluminum tariffs The US could see lasting damage to its economy and its standing at the WTO, as major economies push forward their legal fight against US tariffs on steel and aluminum products at the global trade body, Chinese analysts said on Wednesday.Opposition to punitive trade measures launched by US President Donald Trump is picking up pace at the WTO, and analysts said it could end up dealing a major blow to the country that once championed the multilateral trade body.At a meeting of the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) on Monday, seven major economies, including China, the EU, Canada and Mexico, submitted separate requests for the organization to set up a panel to examine whether the US’ tariffs of 10 percent on aluminum products and 25 percent on steel goods violate WTO rules."While the US claims the measures at issue were taken because of national security reasons, to the complainants it appears that the duties, in their content and substance, were taken as safeguard measures," the DSB said in a document. He Weiwen, a former Chinese trade official, said the move to request a panel of experts is a "natural" step that is in line with DSB procedures because bilateral consultations between the countries and the US have failed."The move itself is very normal. It’s just following procedures," He, who is now a senior fellow at the Center for China and Globalization(CCG) in Beijing, told the Global Times on Wednesday. "But it is significant when seven major economies, including allies, are challenging you at the same time."At the meeting, the EU said the fact that one country was targeted by seven complaints in one day was "unprecedented" and "a sign of the degree of objection the US actions were eliciting from members," according to the DSB document. China also said that the "tariffs, taken under the guise of national security, are obviously and egregiously inconsistent" with WTO rules.The US rejected the requests for setting up a panel and argued that "it is simply not the role of the WTO to review a sovereign nation’s judgment of its essential security interests." The US further warned that such a step by the DSB would undermine its legitimacy and "even the viability of the WTO."Lasting damageBut Chinese analysts said that it is the US’ reputation and standing at the WTO that is most at risk, not the legitimacy of the WTO."No doubt, the US has been one of the most powerful voices, if not the most powerful, in the WTO and it has benefited greatly from its influence… But increasingly, the US is showing a pattern where it does not follow WTO rules when they don’t serve its interests," said Bai Ming, deputy director of the Ministry of Commerce’s International Market Research Institute.Bai told the Global Times on Wednesday that although reforms in certain areas are required, the WTO will remain important, despite talk in the US about the diminished role of the multilateral body. He also said it will be hard for the US to maintain its strong voice in a body that it disrespects.Trade officials from 13 WTO members, including the EU, Australia, Japan and South Korea, convened a meeting last week in Canada to focus on WTO reforms. In a joint communiqué, the trade officials took apparent aim at the US, saying "we are deeply concerned by recent developments in international trade, particularly the rise in protectionism, which negatively affect the WTO and put the entire multilateral trading system at risk.""For [the US administration], this might be just about winning short-term gains and winning votes in elections, but the broader implications will last," He said. From Global Times ，2018-10-31
2018年11月2日 -
He Weiwen: China’s tariff cuts contrast with U.S.’s tariff hikes
By He Weiwen, a senior research fellow at the Center for China and Globalization(CCG). Amid ongoing trade war with the U.S., China is cutting import tariffs on nearly 1,600 items starting November 1. They account for 19 percent of the total number of Chinese taxed products, cutting down the average tax rate from 10.5 percent to 7.8 percent. The move comes after the Chinese government offered zero tariffs on an array of imported medicines starting May 1 and tariff cuts on consumer goods, vehicles and auto parts starting July 1. After the latest round of tax adjustment, China’s overall tariff rate will stay at 7.5 percent, down from 9.8 percent last year and lower than that of most developing countries. The trade-weighted average tariff rate will be 3.7 percent, marginally higher than Japan (2.1 percent), the U.S. (2.4 percent) and the EU (3.0 percent), but slightly lower than Australia (4.0 percent). In the midst of China’s tax-cutting efforts, the China International Import Expo (CIIE), the world’s first import-themed national-level expo, will be held in Shanghai from November 5 to 10. It will be another major move by China to further open up its market to the world. Is China yielding to the pressure from Donald Trump’s trade war? Absolutely not. China’s tariff cuts and the CIIE were planned before Trump’s unilateral tariffs on Chinese products. The U.S., given China’s retaliatory duties on 110 billion U.S. dollars of American goods, will be standing at an unfavorable position in exporting to China. There are three major reasons for China’s tariff cuts and the CIIE. First, the Chinese economy and people need them. The three rounds of tariff cuts mainly cover pharmaceuticals for people’s health, vehicles and auto parts for people’s auto consumption and the need to upgrade domestic auto-makers, consumer goods for people’s daily necessities, and machinery for China’s high-end manufacturing. Lower tariffs mean lower costs for both producers and consumers. They also mean intensified competition, propelling domestic manufacturers to advance their core competitiveness. Second, the world free trade system needs them. The Trump administration is challenging the WTO-represented multilateral free trade mechanism and its unilateral acts are casting a cloud over the prospects of free trade. China’s latest endeavors are in support of the world free trade mechanism and WTO’s core principles: non-discrimination and free flow of goods among nations. Third, the world economy needs them. While the world’s GDP growth rate is expected to be 0.2 percent lower than the previous estimate due to Trump’s trade war, China’s massive tariff cuts and the CIIE will provide tremendous market opportunities and thus serve as a fresh impetus to global economic growth. Every 10 percent of Chinese imports in goods and services will mean an additional 250 billion U.S. dollars in sales in the world market. Apart from the CIIE and tax-cutting endeavors, China is doing more to uphold globalization and the world multilateral trade mechanism with the WTO at the core. The country is earnestly working with the EU, Japan, Canada, ASEAN and many other WTO members on WTO reforms to keep abreast with the changing technology and trading environment while adhering to WTO’s core principles of non-discrimination and free flow of goods. In the meantime, China is unfolding full-fledged infrastructure, trade, investment and financial cooperation with vast numbers of countries along the Belt and Road initiative for an all-inclusive and win-win future, namely, a community of shared destiny for mankind. Moreover, China is pushing forward talks on various regional trade agreements and free trade agreements (FTA), including China-Japan-South Korea tripartite FTA, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, FTA with Canada and so forth. It is our firm belief that globalization and free trade will continue to prevail over unilateralism. Counter-globalization is only a temporary current. History has proved repeatedly that no trade policies can alter the economic law of globalization. China, as a responsible member of the international community, will continue to do its best in the right direction. From ECNS，2018-10-31
2018年11月1日
