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【中国经济时报】多方学者热议重塑全球价值链
近期,美国政府针对中国对美出口与投资出台多种贸易投资保护主义措施,让“中美打响了贸易战”的声音愈演愈烈。中美之间的贸易冲突,会对全球价值链造成什么样的影响?又该如何在此背景下重塑全球价值链?在日前由国务院发展研究中心主办的中国发展高层论坛2018经济峰会上,多方学者围绕这一议题展开了热烈讨论。 全球化智库(CCG)主任王辉耀率先发言。他表示,全球价值链实际是一个新架构、新趋势和新的增长势头,它是催动世界经济全球化的重要力量。如何进一步改善或者使得全球价值链变得更加平衡,实现平等地增长,让各国都能够从中受益,值得我们深入探讨。 同时,王辉耀也指出,当前对于全球价值链相关数据的统计方式,我们需要进行一些创新。“当下,全球贸易发展迅速,但相关的统计方法和口径却没有跟上这一趋势,这容易使我们对全球价值链的研究出现偏差。”王辉耀说。 他还表示,在全球价值链的发展中,我们还要重视一些新现象,例如电子商务、电子贸易以及网上跨境电子交易等。对于这些新兴事物,我们需要有一些新的协议来实现这种全球价值链的流动。而在达成协议的过程中,难免会出现摩擦,需要大家理性解决。 “我想强调,中美是世界两大经济发展的引擎,也是世界上最大的两个贸易国。若两国各自为政,各自搞自己的贸易体系,会造成隔离和误解。我们需要两个国家相互通气、相互对话,找到一个优化的解决方案。如此,才能维系全球价值链的发展,否则全球价值链会发生倒退,届时不光两国贸易会受到影响,服务和商品等都会受到影响。”王辉耀说。 “现在说贸易战,还有点为时过早。打贸易战对中美两国都没有好处。”美国布鲁金斯学会研究员杜大伟发言时如是说。 当前,全球价值链越来越重要,有三分之二的全球贸易是跨境展开的,价值链涉及到两个不同的国家。杜大伟说,研究发现,美国从中国进口的三分之一的产品都是一些中间品,中国为其提供的增加值非常有限。因此,若美国对中国采取惩罚性措施,最终仍将会对美国自身造成打击和影响。 此外,在过去几十年里,服务贸易占全球贸易的比重不高。若未来全球贸易的一半都来自于服务,那将会有非常大的变化。事实上,在一些欧洲国家中,服务贸易占比较大,但在包括中国在内的很多发展中国家中,服务贸易的占比仍然有限。因此,如果让服务业在全球价值链中占据更多的比重,对中国和其他国家而言,将是双赢的局面。 世界贸易组织首席经济学家罗伯特·库曼在发言中表示,全球近期的经济走势让全球贸易化有所恢复,虽然有一些不容乐观的事件在发生,但是这些事件不会对全球贸易造成致命性的冲击,可能只会让全球贸易的势头稍微或暂时受到抑制。“尽管当下美国政府的一些举措让大家对于全球贸易有种悲观的情绪,但从统计数据来看,全球贸易化发展势头还是不错的,其中有很多的微观经济因素在推动。”库曼说。 库曼还表示,全球贸易之所以发生,是有终端消费者的需求,全球价值链也是如此。其中,中国在全球价值链中的作用和角色需要受到重视。从宏观角度来看,中国向全球价值链所做的贡献,包括中国在北美的贸易链中所贡献的内容,让中国的地位蒸蒸日上。与此同时,中国国内出口的产品的增加值也在不断上升,中国价值链不断向高端移动,而且正在融入到其他区域价值链中。 “不过,从宏观视角来看,中国在全球价值链中的地位不断上升,美国在全球价值链中的地位正在下降,这对于美国而言并不见得是件坏事。”库曼说,参与贸易价值链本身就会为下游带来更多的机会,也能促进美国国内的很多经济活动。文章选自中国经济时报,2018年4月3日
2018年4月8日 -
王辉耀建议建立“一带一路”国际企业联盟
全球化智库(CCG)理事长兼主任、国务院参事王辉耀发言。李阿茹娜摄影 人民网北京4月4日电 (贾文婷)“一带一路”高端智库论坛暨“一带一路”智库合作联盟理事会第四次会议3日在京举行。全球化智库(CCG)理事长兼主任、国务院参事王辉耀认为,在5周年之际“一带一路”倡议如何达到被认同、被理解的新高度,需要专家学者集思广益,讲好中国故事的愿景,推动新型全球化方案。王辉耀提出“一带一路”合作共赢的10点建议如下: 第一,打造“一带一路”国际治理法律机制,起草“一带一路”联合宪章。 第二,加强和联合国世界银行、国家货币基金会、WTO等国际机构的合作。 第三,“一带一路”离不开世界各个发达国家的参与,邀请美、日等国参与。 第四,建立重点国家在“一带一路”层面的合作。 第五,建立“一带一路”国际企业联盟,吸引全球500强参加组建,举办企业峰会。 第六,建立秘书处等常设机构。 第七,形成“一带一路”示范国和国际示范工程,建立“一带一路”国际资金池。 第八,以境外经贸合作区和园区作为“一带一路”国际合作共赢的重要抓手。 第九,充分发挥华人华侨在“一带一路”国际合作共赢中的作用。 第十,大力发展“一带一路”跨境电商,建设“数字丝绸之路”。文章选自人民网,2018年4月4日
2018年4月8日 -
龙永图:贸易战我现在最怕的是一知半解的专家过度解读
理事简介龙永图,全球化智库(CCG)主席,原外经贸部副部长,原博鳌亚洲论坛秘书长。自美国总统特朗普上周宣布有可能对从中国进口的600亿美元商品加征关税以来,中美贸易关系就成为热点话题,贸易战似乎一触即发。但中国与全球化智库(CCG)主席、原国家外经贸部副部长、中国入世首席谈判代表龙永图认为,“贸易战”这个词“太过戏剧化”,特朗普实际上只是发起了一个贸易政策行动。3月27日,在北京举行的中国国际电视台(CGTN)与CCG战略合作协议签署仪式暨高端论坛上,龙永图表示,自己并不赞成用“贸易战”这个词。“实际上我们看一看特朗普这个行动,无非是他首先发起了一个对中国的贸易政策行动,我情愿用一个trade policy(贸易政策)来讲。特朗普完全有权利这样做,那么我们中国当然也做了回应。”龙永图指出,虽然600亿美元在很多人看来是一个很大的数字,但中国平均每年出口超过2万亿美元,600亿美元的占比很小。“而且并不是说这600亿美元都要泡汤,无非是交点关税,说老实话这是一个市场行为。比如江主任跟我买一辆汽车,10万美元,现在的关税是10%,到了江主任手上11万美元。如果江主任真正想要买这辆汽车,我们先把价格降到8万美元,再征40%的关税也不就是11.2万美元。我们搞贸易的知道这里面真的还是一个市场行为,贸易本身就是一个交易,就是一个妥协,就是一个谈判的过程。”龙永图说,中国入市后打过很多反倾销、反补贴战,但是世界贸易依旧在发展。而真正危险的是“贸易战”这一表述引起股市大跌,“人心惶惶,市场惊慌”。他表示,“我现在最怕的就是我们中国的,也包括外国的一些一知半解的专家”过度解读,而目前需要的是理智、准确的解读,让市场平稳下来。CCG高级研究员、商务部欧洲司原司长孙永福认同龙永图的观点,认为中美之间不会发生贸易战,出现的是“贸易摩擦”。孙永福称,中美之间的贸易逆差是现实存在的,但这并不是美国丧失就业的根本原因;鉴于美国国内的政治因素,以贸易逆差为由威胁加征关税只是一个借口。因此“通过谈判其实是可以来解决中美两国之间的贸易摩擦的,我们还有一些时间”。据特朗普3月22日签署的备忘录,美国贸易代表办公室将在之后15天公布商品清单,涵盖1300种产品。同时,美国贸易代表办公室还将就相关问题向世界贸易组织(WTO)起诉中国。此外,美国财政部将在60天内拿出对中资投资美国科技领域设限的方案。CCG特邀高级研究员、中国国际问题研究院欧洲研究所所长崔洪建表示,由于“贸易战”将给双方带来损失,作为商人的特朗普“其实应该理解发生所谓的贸易战会产生的后果”。因此对特朗普来说,这次表态更多是一个政治上的作秀,以便与中国进行谈判。CCG学术委员会专家、国务院参事、中国人民大学国际关系学院学术委员会主任时殷弘认为,贸易战的威胁并不像现在媒体报道的这么严重。但随着美国中期选举的临近和为下一届总统大选做准备,六个月或者一年之后,特朗普可能会再次敲响贸易战警钟。时殷弘表示,中美之间的贸易摩擦和竞争已经存在了20多年,两国在过去都有解决问题的方法,但在放松贸易壁垒等方面做得不够。“有人说贸易是双赢的,可是你会发现这种双赢的关系中已经开始出现一些零和游戏,不管是经济还是战略的角度,都存在一定的零和因素,所以中美之间的关系,我觉得会是一个波状的趋势。”对于如何应对目前中美经贸关系的紧张局势,CCG在周二的会谈中发布了10条建议,包括加强对美国民众的宣传,阐明中美贸易赤字在全球化分工下的本质;扩大对美国商品进口,降低汽车、手机、奢侈品等非关乎国计民生产品的关税,增加对美的能源产品、农产品等进口,以让利国内消费者,同时消减中美贸易差额。建议还提出积极促成中美跨境电商协议的达成,利用电商为中美两国的企业和消费者提供就业以及优惠产品的红利。从长远角度看,建议提议中国把握机会寻求加入TPP,推动WTO、RECP等多边贸易体系的进展,寻求更多的力量来推动全球自由贸易发展;同时利用WTO贸易规则,对美国违反WTO规则的做法进行上诉。龙永图:中美贸易谈判的回旋余地有多大《财经》记者 江玮/文 袁雪/编辑作为中国加入世界贸易组织谈判的首席代表,龙永图对于目前中美之间的“贸易战”表达出一种冷静的认识。事实上,他不赞同“贸易战”的说法。在他看来,贸易是交流、对话、谈判、妥协的过程,特朗普有权利对中国发起贸易政策行动,中国也做出了回应。奉行“美国优先”的特朗普将削减贸易赤字作为他的优先事项。按照美方公布的数字,去年美国对华贸易逆差为3760亿美元。特朗普提出要求,要将美国对华贸易逆差减少1000亿美元,如此涉及具体数字的削减赤字要求在贸易谈判中并不多见。“只要中美双方共同努力,中美之间的贸易赤字是可以逐渐减少的。”龙永图说。他同时指出,削减贸易逆差是一个渐进的过程,必须以市场化的方式来解决,采取行政化的方法或者强硬的贸易政策措施将欲速则不达。面对当前将特朗普的贸易战视为洪水猛兽的舆论氛围,龙永图还提醒,不应把这一次强硬的贸易措施,看成是美国对中国的战略发生了重大变化,“在这个问题上要采取比较慎重的态度,不然我们今后就没有做工作的余地了,而且会使全世界感到中国的崛起就是对世界的威胁,特别是对美国的威胁”。《财经》:您如何判断目前的形势?在特朗普签署对华301调查的总统备忘录之后,对“贸易战”的担忧立刻涌现出来,但在数日内,又出现了中美双方已经开始谈判的消息。龙永图:我长期从事国际贸易谈判,我不太喜欢“贸易战”这个词。贸易本身就是一种交流、一种对话、一种谈判、一种妥协,而且谈判大部分的结果都是以妥协而告终。所以我们不要把当前的经贸关系特别是中美贸易关系过分戏剧化,轻易使用“贸易战”这样的词。这样的用词可能使老百姓困惑,使产业界人士感到担忧,给资本市场带来恐慌,对整体经济发展产生不利影响。对于资本市场的冲击以及产业界一些投资决策的冲击,也许比贸易本身还大。用国际贸易行业的话来讲,美国是采取了一些贸易政策行动,包括贸易补救措施,或者是采取了一些保障措施,保护其国内的产业。采取贸易救济措施,是因为他们觉得贸易不公平。这不是打贸易战,是启动一次贸易谈判,我认为这样更加准确一点。判断这一次贸易行动所带来的冲击恐怕为之尚早,因为还需要看很多具体的措施内容。而当一个国家对另外一个国家采取贸易措施,当事国家一般来说要采取反制措施,这是顺理成章的事情。可以看到,目前中国的反应是很有节制的,说明我们想为今后一系列的贸易谈判留下更大的谈判空间。这是在贸易谈判中需要掌握的非常重要的原则,特别是在处理中美经贸关系这样重大的国际经贸问题时,要特别慎重。有一种说法是一个新兴崛起的大国和一个守成大国一定会产生矛盾和冲突,一定会落入到所谓“陷阱”当中去。我觉得现在不能下这样的结论。因为美国对中国整体的看法,我认为还没有最后形成,对特朗普所采取的一些政策也还没有形成共识。不要把这一次强硬的贸易措施,看成是美国对中国的战略发生了重大变化。这个判断对我们很重要。也许有这样的因素,但是不能完全这样看,我觉得还需要观察。我们一直在做美国的工作,一直在向全世界说,中国的崛起不是对世界的威胁,也不是对美国的威胁。这样一个观点,今后还要花大力气讲清楚。这样我们才可能不把特朗普发起的贸易措施,看成是美国整体战略的变化。在这个问题上,要采取一个比较慎重的态度,不然我们今后就没有做工作的余地了,而且会使全世界感到中国的崛起就是对世界的威胁,特别是对美国的威胁。不要因为一次贸易纠纷就动摇了对整个形势的判断,如果在这个问题上发生了动摇,在很多问题上就会做出误判。《财经》:具体来说,商务部针对美国进口钢铁和铝产品232措施发布了中止减让产品清单,大部分为农业产品。在针对301调查的反制措施中,停止进口美国大豆也有很大呼声。作为回应,中国应该采取怎样的措施?龙永图:美国最敏感的领域就是农业领域。当时我们在入世谈判时最困难的也是农业,美国要求我们为美国的农产品开放市场。现在如果要让美国感到比较痛,就要打它的农业市场,对它的农产品进口增加关税,使它的农产品出口比较困难。但我们不到不得已,不会这样做。还是尽力把双方损失控制在最小范围。在全球化时代到来之前,当国与国之间的贸易关系比较单纯的情况下,关税是比较重要的武器。但是随着全球化的发展,全球产业链的形成,关税变得越来越不重要。这就是为什么当初的关税与贸易总协定,到了1995年1月1日改成了世界贸易组织,因为世界贸易所涵盖的范围远远超出了关税的领域。特朗普没有看到全球贸易发展的整体形势,还在用关税这样的老武器。他提出高关税后反应最强烈的是美国消费者。美国45个零售和消费业协会,联合给特朗普写信反对提高关税,其中包括科技、农业消费者协会,也包括很多公司,比如Google、IBM、沃尔玛。如果特朗普对这些产业征收高关税,这些产品在美国的价格一下会增长很多,真正受到伤害的是美国消费者。以往在贸易保护主义方面最为积极的是美国国会,总统比较收敛一点;但这次美国很多国会议员也站出来反对特朗普的贸易措施,这是美国政治上出现的重要变化。这说明特朗普选错了武器来进行这样一场贸易谈判或者是舆论上讲的贸易战,这个武器更多是伤害自己而不是伤害对方。所以现在不需要中国采取非常强的反制措施,我认为谈判和回旋的余地很大。如果美国的消费者和企业站在我们这边,由他们向政府施压,这是最简便的办法,是谈判当中最有利的形势。如果对方的企业全部站在政府一边,我们就比较麻烦。例如,入世谈判比较难的领域包括电影、音像产业,因为美国好莱坞大片的制造商都站在政府一边。我们在北京谈判的时候,好莱坞一大帮生产电影还有音像制品的老板们全住在国贸饭店,和他们的谈判代表沟通。还有一点,在中国生产的很多产品中,零部件是从很多国家进口的,包括美国。美国的零部件供应商也会着急。如果对中国的最终产品征收高关税,中国在进口零部件时也要加同样的关税,才能够保持生产成本的平衡。所以在这个问题上,我觉得要从全球产业链的布局来看,美国的消费者和中国产业链上下游的伙伴会站在我们这边,这点我还是很有信心的。《财经》:特朗普把减少贸易赤字作为一个主要目标,贸易赤字并不一定都是坏事,他对减少贸易赤字是否太过纠结?龙永图:我们希望以市场化的方式来看待贸易赤字问题。我们长期的观点是,一般来说,世界上凡是有贸易赤字的国家,产业都比较强大,国家比较富裕,人均消费水平比较高,所以对于全球消费品从最高档到最低档都有需求。实际上,就国际贸易理论而言,国际贸易最大的受益者是进口方,而不是出口方。进口方占据了国际贸易的主动权。它想买哪个国家的产品、想以什么样的价格买入,基本上都掌握在进口方的手上。那些具有强大贸易赤字的国家常常是在国际贸易舞台上最有发言权、最有影响力的国家。美国有这样大的贸易赤字,主要是美国长期在全球经济发展中处于领先地位的结果。再加上美国在国际金融方面的主导地位,使得美国贸易处在更有利的地位。现在中美贸易出现这样的问题是因为美国的贸易逆差主要反映在与中国的贸易逆差方面。与中国的贸易逆差是一个自然发展的过程。在中国加入世界贸易组织以后,由于放开了贸易经营权,中国贸易的力量一下突然释放,所以中国的贸易,特别是出口以每年20%-30%的速度增加。在出口迅速扩张的情况下,美国作为有强大消费能力的国家,从某种意义上成为中国贸易井喷的受益者,使得美国中低收入群体能够享受到价廉物美的产品。美国最想推动的农产品出口方面,也能找到像中国这样巨大的市场。总体上,中美贸易对两个国家都是很有利的,都是双方需要的。现在中美贸易逆差从数字上看起来不好看,我也理解。中国和美国的贸易赤字虽然有历史发展的逻辑、有市场的逻辑,但毕竟两国之间长期如此规模的贸易逆差,确实需要解决。我也赞同中国采取一些措施削减贸易逆差。但这必须是一个渐进的过程,必须以市场化的方式来解决。采取行政化的方法或者强硬的贸易政策措施来解决将欲速则不达。只要中美双方共同努力,中美之间的贸易赤字是可以逐渐减少的。随着中国收入群体的增加,特别是中产阶级的庞大,中国对于美国中高端产品的需求会越来越大,对美国的进口也会越来越强劲。此外,中国产业开始升级,对美国中低端产品出口会逐渐减少,被其他新兴国家比如越南、巴基斯坦的出口所代替。中国对美国高技术产品的需求越来越多,问题是美国对高科技产品出口采取控制的手段。如果美国能放松对高科技产品的出口管制,美国的出口就会增加25%-40%。总之,还是有解决办法的,但这需要坐下来商量,大家都要有耐心和真诚的意愿。《财经》:从贸易的角度出发,目前中美的贸易争端是否存在和平解决的可能?龙永图:特朗普这个人是做生意的,他对数字特别敏感,提出要让美方减少1000亿美元逆差。很少有哪个国家谈判代表提出来你要减1000亿的贸易逆差,因为这是市场决定的,不是政府定一个指标,但特朗普就是这样的风格。当然,这并不是说我们要白给美国1000亿美元,是我们要多购买美国1000亿美元的产品。现在中国人消费升级,也很需要美国的产品。这也是为什么在牛肉的问题上,过去谈判的时候我们从来没有让而现在有所让步的原因,中国现在需要高端消费品。现在我们购买美国的高档消费品,包括牛肉、农产品、机电产品是完全可能的,老百姓有需求。对贸易纠纷也好,处理贸易逆差也好,最好的办法是我们表现出更加开放的态度,采取一些具体的开放市场的措施。中国入世为什么取得很大的成就?一方面是我们采取了很多改革措施,而这些改革措施是在一个健康的外来压力背景下采取的。如果没有一个健康的外来压力,有时候我们在改革开放方面还没有这样的紧迫感。如果我们把这一场中美或者国际经贸关系出现的一些对中国的压力,转化成改革或者说加快改革的动力,那可能变成一件好事情。各个部门逐渐落实,用实际行动证明我们中国的市场是在逐步开放的。文章选自经济学家圈,2018年4月5日
2018年4月8日 -
【China Daily】Looming US-China trade war is mere hype
Donald Trump’s stiff tariffs on Chinese imports have again refueled the concerns of a looming war, but we should refrain from blindly following this hype and approach the challenge in a rational way.Fears of a trade war between the world’s two largest economies still linger, with stocks on a roller coaster ride to a four-month low. The past week was brimming with high drama as the US president’s trade sanctions on China tumbled out and sparked a storm of backlash from the international community.The rhetoric that Beijing and Washington cannot avert a war has resurged, with many starting to speculate how it will play out and conjecture on who will fare better. The RAND Corporation published an assessment of the war-fighting potential of China and the US in 2015 and detailed the following year four scenarios for the possible war with the release of a lengthy analysis entitled "War with China: Thinking through the Unthinkable."The famed think tank on global policy ultimately concluded that "China might lose a severe war with the United States in 2025," given China’s "Made in China 2025" plan, which aims for leap-forward development in 10 strategic industries including aerospace, biotech, high-end machinery and robotics.However, the seeming inevitability of a trade war may be overblown. As Long Yongtu, the man behind China’s WTO accession, noted, it’s just trade friction, far from culminating in a war.US President Donald Trump holds up a Section 201 action after signing it in the Oval Office at the White House, Washington, DC, Jan. 23, 2018. /VCG PhotoIn actuality, the US president revealed the mentality of a typical businessman with the tariff move. China’s unprecedented pace of development over the past decades has amazed the developed world but meanwhile stoked fears that a rising Asian powerhouse will eclipse their regional and global clout. An anti-globalization sentiment has spawned in Americans, from politicians to economists to the public."Is free trade really making global markets more efficient? Is it promoting our values and making America stronger? Or is it simply strengthening our adversaries and creating a world where countries who abuse the system – such as China – are on the road to economic and military dominance?" US Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer, a renowned China hawk, raised these questions in an op-ed in as early as 2011.That’s why Trump’s tough trade policy toward China has a basis. As mid-term elections approach in November, the president played the card to appeal to his supporters, mostly comprising Republican nationalists and trade protectionists. In addition, he’s not only targeting Beijing; his exemption of steel and aluminum tariffs on the European Union (EU) only lasts till May 1, pending more negotiations. In this single tariff move, he even risks upending the US’ ties with its traditional allies, let alone China, a country he labels a "strategic competitor."What’s more, Beijing has already adopted appropriate strategic countermeasures to prevent the trade conflict from evolving into a new cold war given recent tensions in Sino-US political ties following Trump’s approval of the Taiwan Travel Act and weapons sale to the island.At a press briefing during the two sessions of the National People’s Congress and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang underscored that China will lower overall tariffs on imports in an even more open posture. For instance, tariffs on popular consumer goods will be slashed and much-needed anti-cancer drugs, most of which are developed in the US, will have its tariff slowly phased out.Robert Lighthizer, US trade representative, testifies during a Senate Finance Committee hearing on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C., US, March 22, 2018. /VCG PhotoAnd on Wednesday, Lighthizer announced a 60-day window to solicit public comments before putting the tariffs in place. "I think there is hope," he said when asked whether the tariffs could be abandoned, adding that it is highly possible that the two countries could work their way to "a good place" over many years.While a deputy trade representative under Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, the hard-nosed negotiator participated in tariff impositions on foreign steel, automobiles and farm produce and clinched over 20 agreements. He was also among the Reagan staff that initiated the "Plaza Accord," plunging Japan into an economic recession.Now in the case of Beijing, the trade skeptic has softened his tone, indicating the hardliners-dominated West Wing’s willingness to negotiate toward a peaceful solution.The trade relationship between both parties has the potential to turn sour, but also the capacity to ratchet up given the interdependency between their economies.(The author is a reporter for CGTN. The article is based on an exclusive interview with Wang Huiyao, founder and president of the Center of China and Globalization.)From CGTN,2018-3-31
2018年4月8日 -
【China Daily】Wang Huiyao: China ready for new globalization voyage
By recalling achievements of the past 40 years, we can tap into historical experience to make a better futureIt has been 40 years since China’s reform and opening-up policy was introduced in 1978. Such a milestone is particularly memorable, since it’s also the starting point of the "new era", during which China is set to accomplish its centennial goals and build a shared future for all mankind. As President Xi Jinping once pointed out, reform and opening-up is the path China must take to make progress in the modern day and to realize the Chinese Dream.The past 40 years also witnessed China’s engagement with, and integration into, the dynamics of globalization. China’s economic miracle can be attributed to the country’s active participation in globalization, which would not have happened were it not for the reformist agenda launched in 1978.In 2017, China’s GDP reached $12.25 trillion (15 billion euros; £10.7 billion), ranking as the world’s second-largest economy, after the United States. China today accounts for 15 percent of global GDP, growing from 2.2 percent in 1976. This meteoric rise in economic performance also includes the GDP per capita, which grew from $205 in 1978 to $8,836 in 2017, and the rank has rocketed to 70th from 120th.Moreover, China has accumulated more than $1.7 trillion in foreign capital inflow and $1.2 trillion in outbound foreign direct investment since the reform and opening-up program initiated in 1978. According to the CCG Bluebook Report on Chinese Enterprises Globalization 2017, Chinese companies made overseas investments worth $170 billion in 2016. Today, China has become the world’s largest trading nation, with $3 trillion in foreign exchange reserves since its entry into the World Trade Organization.However, we also see that the development of globalization has encountered great obstacles and challenges since 2016, triggered by Brexit and the election of US President Donald Trump. Both events herald a new anti-globalization trend. As an important participant in globalization, China initiated the Belt and Road Initiative to drive the momentum of globalization against all odds. The country acts according to the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits to create a community of shared future for mankind. By encouraging more countries to cooperate closely and actively, China is ushering in a new globalization era with an innovative proposal that stresses mutual benefits and equality in international relations.Besides economic integration into the world trade system, communication and exchange with the outside world in different fields, such as humanities and culture, are tremendous achievements as well. Following the principle of human-centered globalization, people from both West and East are contributing to free flows of people, capital, culture and knowledge.In the future, China’s unwavering commitment to reform and opening-up policy will be a prerequisite for the progress of human-centered globalization. Endorsed by China’s top legislature at the recent two sessions, the establishment of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, the State Immigration Administration and the International Development and Cooperation Agency demonstrates that China is ramping up concrete measures to facilitate the global movement of people and contribute to global development.Since the the introduction of reform and opening-up, Chinese students studying overseas and those who return have proved to be an enormous force in advancing China’s development. At the same time, this group of talent is the best example of the human-centered version of globalization that the country has promoted.Last year, 608,000 Chinese students were pursuing education overseas. In 40 years, the total number of overseas students reached 5.19 million. With the acceleration of the globalization process, the incentive for students overseas to return to China has increased substantially. According to statistics provided by the Ministry of Education, from 1978 to 2017, the number of these returnees has skyrocketed by 3.13 million. Similarly, the trend of pursuing studies in China is also growing. In 2017, up to 489,000 students from overseas enrolled in China’s colleges and universities; the number had increased for two consecutive years. However, the number of foreign students in China is far fewer than the number who study overseas, and thus a huge deficit needs to be addressed in coming years.If we call the world a global village, the mobility of talent, either bi-directional or multi-directional, is an index to evaluate globalization. Chinese students studying overseas, returnees and foreign students studying in China are evidence of China’s participation in the human-centered version of globalization. They all play an important role in public diplomacy between sending and receiving countries. Undoubtedly, China is poised to benefit from this trend and tap into the enlarged pool of global talent.Like China, many more countries are joining the battle for global talent. According to CCG research, there has been a growing trend of foreign talent seeking jobs in China. From 2013 to 2017, the number of foreign experts increased by 40 percent.As Chinese enterprises are increasingly called to go global, the demand for international talent rises sharply. Therefore, policies for talent recruitment must adjust accordingly. From a corporate perspective, Chinese enterprises should diversify their boards with international members. In addition, companies’ human resources policy regarding global talent should adhere to international standards of labor and employment.There are about 60 million overseas Chinese around the world, making them valuable foreign human capital potential for China. Considering the percentage of foreigners in China’s total population - 0.06 percent in 2016-efforts should be made to increase inbound high-end migration.Overseas Chinese are not only the pioneers of Chinese entrepreneurship, they are also the natural hubs to connect China with international society, and, most important, they are predisposed to love the nation of their heritage. A diaspora-oriented residency system helps to inspire and mobilize them to play a constructive role in driving the next phase of reform and opening-up.From 2005 to 2015, the number of Chinese outbound tourists increased by 312.9 percent. In 2016, Chinese tourists’ total consumption abroad was up to $261 billion, accounting for 20.9 percent of the total global consumption.However, compared with overseas tourism, the inbound tourism sector is stalling. According to CCG, excluding tourists from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, the deficit of inbound overseas tourists was almost as high as 30 million in 2015.Therefore, China should first put priority on the development of inbound tourism by facilitating the visa application procedures, or even considering a visa-exempt policy to lure international tourists. Second, China should integrate government agencies’ roles to raise the effectiveness of tourism management and promote Chinese tourism through travel agencies’ organization and enterprises influence. The cultivation of tourism talent with international awareness can bulldoze the barriers originating from language and cultural differences.By recalling the past 40 years’ achievements that resulted from reform and opening-up, we can tap into historical experience to make a better future. Riding the tide of globalization, China has made its economic development in the previous decades the envy of the world. In this new era, China is on the fast track of globalization and will continue to promote the concept of human-centered globalization as part of its value and its prescription for the challenges of global governance.About Author Dr. Wang Huiyao, founder and president of the Center for China and Globalization(CCG), an independent think tank based in Beijing.From China Daily,2018-4-6
2018年4月8日 -
龙永图:迎着反对之声,一路毅然前行
理事简介龙永图,全球化智库(CCG)主席,原外经贸部副部长,原博鳌亚洲论坛秘书长。 中国的综合国力和在世界上的地位一直是每个中国人都密切关注的问题。18年前,中国正式加入世界贸易组织,迎来了中国改革之路的小高潮。近几年来,我国在国际反倾销、反补贴案中的失败新闻使很多人对入世产生了怀疑。对此“世贸叩关人”龙永图表示:困难和障碍一直都在,但只要坚定“社会主义”改革方向,保持紧迫感和危机感,灵活运用“WTO规则”,才能不断赶超世界先进水平,走出中国特色发展之路。 这是一腔官话?还是出于对我国和世界贸易发展的清醒认识?入世首席谈判代表、博鳌亚洲论坛原秘书长龙永图近日做客由凤凰网与舍得酒业联合打造的时代人物高端访谈、思想派强IP《舍得智慧讲堂·中国智慧》,讲述他对中国对外贸易之路的思考和看法。 很多人将龙永图称为“世贸叩关人”。17年前,他作为世贸首席谈判代表亲身经历了这一伟大时刻,但就在中国入世成人礼的关键时期,很多不和谐的声音纷至沓来,美国总统特朗普甚至认为“中国入世是一个错误”。 对此龙永图表示:不管是对中国还是对世界,中国入世是全世界的巨大利好”。它使得全球开始享受中国作为一个世界工厂所生产出来的价廉物美的产品,相当于中国正进行着一个“世界级别的扶贫工程”。另一方面,中国在各个国家的中央银行控制通货膨胀方面帮了大忙。 而对于我国来说,很多“关键性的改革”都是在入世的背景下推动进行的,这给我国带来了巨大的改革红利。贸易的自由,解放了整个中国对外贸易的生产力,使整个对外贸易“活了起来”,无数中国人在自由的对外贸易浪潮中找到了自己的位置,收获了成功的财富和喜悦。“舍弃封闭,赢得生产力的释放,这是我们的选择,更是中国的舍得智慧。” 尽管入世将近18年来,我国获利颇多,但当年的入世之路却走得很艰难,很多人担忧开放市场后中国企业的未来。但龙永图从未动摇:“我们对中国企业的能力还是有一定信心的。”事实也证明了中国企业绝对拥有与外国大企业良性竞争的强大力量,舍弃了安逸,选择了兼容并包,中国广大的市场在更广阔的世界舞台上焕发出了更加蓬勃的生命力。 当然对入世的质疑不只体现在经济上,更体现在对中国未来改革方向何去何从的思考上。政府在改革上的重要作用,是我们入世的关键,更是中国特色社会主义一个非常重要的方面。在谈判阶段外国专家建议去掉“社会主义”标签时,龙永图坚定地拒绝了。 虽然这会在对外贸易中造成一些误会,但却保证我国改革之路的稳定和安全,最突出的就体现在政府对平衡发展的把控上。开放对外贸易后,我们一直在强调解决地区不平衡和贫富差距的问题,让更多的人得到好处,让全球化获得更多人的支持。“国家稳步发展,需有平衡之道”,龙永图强调。 18年来,我国的综合实力在自由的对外贸易环境下飞速增长,很多人得以看到更加广阔的世界,也看到了针对中国的双反措施,很多偏激和短视的人认为中国实力已经足够强大到可脱离世贸独立发展,甚至谴责龙永图为“卖国贼”。龙永图却丝毫不在意这些诋毁:“双反是在WTO的法律框架之下,处理国际贸易纠纷和摩擦的一种正常的渠道和方式。”这可能会造成我国的一些利益损失,但“一个共同认可规则”的形成绝对利大于弊,而脱离WTO等于损失了世界贸易的主动权,决不可取,以小利获大利,这才是我们在全球化中的追求。 对于“中国三大实力超越美国”的言论,龙永图很无奈表示:“我们需要清醒认识本国国情,时刻保持紧迫感和危机感来不断地赶超世界先进水平,沾沾自喜、夜郎自大只会麻痹我们整个国家艰苦奋斗的斗志”。文章选自凤凰网,2018年3月21日
2018年4月4日 -
【China Daily】New immigration department set up
People photograph the State Immigration Administration’s name plate after it was installed on Monday. (Photo provided to China Daily)It will cover matters ranging from border control to foreigners’ staysThe State Immigration Administration was officially set up on Monday to improve China’s immigration management and provide better services to foreigners.The new administration has integrated the entry and exit management and frontier inspection departments from the Ministry of Public Security, but is still under the ministry’s management.In March, the State Council unveiled a major plan to deepen reform of government institutions.According to the Ministry of Public Security, the new administration will take charge of drawing up and coordinating immigration policies and supervising their implementation, along with dealing with border control, foreigners’ stays, refugees and nationality.It will take the lead in dealing with foreigners who enter illegally and will repatriate illegal immigrants. It will also offer exit and entry management services for Chinese citizens on private affairs and actively engage in international cooperation involving immigration, the ministry said."The new administration will help to improve the level of government management and services, and ensure the legitimate rights and other interests of immigrants in China," said Huang Ningning, managing partner at Grandall Law Firm in Shanghai.Once the new immigration administration is fully functioning, it "will promote China to select talent worldwide and actively participate in international competition for talent", said Wang Huiyao, director of the Center for China and Globalization (CCG).Xu Ganlu was appointed head of the administration and vice-minister of public security. Xu, 56, was head of the Political and Law Commission of Henan province before being transferred to his new post, the ministry said.Last year, about 1 million foreigners were living in China, double 2000’s count of 508,000.From ecns,2018-4-3
2018年4月4日