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CCG持续关注国际关系议题,推动中国与全球化的发展,积极开展国际交流,充分发挥智库“二轨外交”作用,在巴黎和平论坛、达沃斯世界经济论坛、慕尼黑安全会议等重要国际政策与意见交流平台上组织分论坛、边会、圆桌会议、晚宴等活动,促进国际政商学界对话,凝聚共识;CCG积极与各国政界、智库界、工商界开展“二轨外交”活动,每年常态化赴多国调研与交流,促进中外关系攸关方互动,保持与多国政策圈层的沟通渠道。
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【CGTN】Woo Wing Thye: How China, US can avert trade war decades in the making
Editor’s note: Woo Wing Thye is a professor of economics at the University of California, Davis, director of the East Asia Program at Columbia University, and academic advisor of the Center for China and Globalization (CCG). The article was edited from a recent speech given by Woo at a CCG seminar in Beijing.After studying US-China trade relations for the past 40 years, I believe that the current tensions between the two are such that we should not only focus on the past or the future, but also the present.The escalating US-China trade conflict is partly an outgrowth of three concerns on the American side: job losses, competition over technology and a perceived "Chinese threat" to US national security.The first concern is that Americans view losing jobs to China as a byproduct of China’s trade surpluses. To address this, the US has called for revaluation of the renminbi. Such an approach is misguided.Look back to 1985 after the implementation of the Plaza Accord, which drove up the value of the Japanese yen: the US did buy less from Japan because Japanese imports were now more expensive, but Americans simply bought more from other countries, so the overall US trade deficit remained largely unchanged. If something similar were to happen to the Chinese renminbi against the US dollar, then not much would change either.The trade imbalance between the two powers also suffers from structural flaws. Soaring military expenditures and frequent tax cuts in the US have created the economic conditions for trade deficits. Advocating for the appreciation of the renminbi as the solution to the trade imbalance only papers over the underlying problems.Boeing, a US aerospace company, reveals its first passenger-carrying hypersonic vehicle concept – and it could get you from London to New York in two hours. /VCG PhotoThe second issue pushing both countries toward a trade war is technological competition. Since the mid-1990s, China has made it a condition that foreign firms must transfer knowledge via joint ventures with Chinese partners in order to access its market.When it comes to technology, Chinese companies are essentially demanding a discount in the form of acquiring the tech so foreign companies get a share of the Chinese pie. This arrangement was fine when both sides made healthy profits, and American companies simply transferred their old technologies to their Chinese counterparts because they could afford to. But as China strives to be a global tech leader, these companies are not willing to cede their competitive advantage by giving up the latest tech.As a result, these US businesses are now trying to get the government to respond by saying that China is “forcing” them to share their technology. However, these businesses are all willing participants, and often roll out products that enjoy monopoly prices in China.This brings us to the third US concern of national security. The US fears that all these technology transfers will one day pose a threat to its interests. However, it already has ways to address this.Pedestrians are reflected in a mirror next to a screen showing the closing figures for the Hang Seng Index in the Central district in Hong Kong on July 3, 2018. /VCG PhotoFor example, the US could strengthen review processes carried out by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS), so that foreign partnerships and deals can receive even greater scrutiny, reducing the risks of technological blowback.The international order is moving away from US hegemony to a multipolar world. Global prosperity requires a multilateral free-trade system. Of course, there will be economic and political friction, but China and the US must recognize the potential pitfalls and work through their problems together instead of against each other.To start, the US must not confuse strategic competition with economic competition. Strategic competition is a zero-sum game where a winner emerges only in the wake of destruction.However, economic competition may be zero-sum in the short term – such as companies with the best goods and services rising to the top – but it creates win-win outcomes in the long run. Insulating domestic companies will not help.The current US-China trade conflict has been decades in the making. Solving the conundrum requires both sides facing their problems in a cooperative manner, and realizing that economic competition does not mean having only one winner.About Author Wing Thye Woo, CCG academic advisor, Professor at University of California at Davis.From CGTN,2018-7-7
2018年7月11日 -
Wang Huiyao:16+1 cooperation offers catalyst for growth
Along with the Belt and Road, it creates potential benefits for citizens of all participating countries and impetus for western ChinaPremier Li Keqiang and German Chancellor Angela Merkel co-chair the fifth round of intergovernmental consultations in Berlin, Germany, July 9, 2018.[Photo/Xinhua]Premier Li Keqiang’s ongoing European visit will make a big difference for Central and Eastern European countries and the region. His trip will see the seventh meeting of the heads of government of China and 16 CEE countries - the so-called 16+1 - as well as the fifth round of China-Germany intergovernmental consultations.Premier Li Keqiang and leaders from 16 Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC) visit an exhibition on the achievements of cooperation between China and the CEEC in Sofia, Bulgaria, July 7, 2018. [Photo/Xinhua]Li’s trip undoubtedly offers a significant opportunity to deepen cooperation between China and the CEE countries under the Belt and Road Initiative and the 16+1 mechanism, creating potential benefits for citizens of all participating countries and impetus for growth in western China.Since its inception in 2012, the 16+1 mechanism has developed and brought progress in many areas. China-CEE trade has increased continuously, growing by 15.9 percent in 2017 to $6.8 billion (5.8 billion euros; £5.2 billion). In the first five months of this year, trade has grown even faster, at 24.2 percent.Investment by CEE countries in China has now exceeded $1.4 billion, focusing on sectors such as equipment manufacturing, auto parts, chemicals, finance and environmental protection. Chinese companies have invested almost $10 billion in CEE countries, with many more major investment projects in the pipeline.Growing economic integration is clearly visible in the increasing density of rail connections between China and CEE countries. Just a decade ago, there was no direct rail freight service between China and Europe. Now the cross-border network has bridged 35 Chinese cities and 34 European cities in 12 countries, including direct rail freight services to Poland, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Serbia.Both sides have also established diverse forms of financial cooperation, creating the China-CEE Fund and platforms such as the China-CEEC Inter-Bank Association to expand financing channels for cooperative projects.The China-CEE leaders’ meeting, the first in the second five-year phase of 16+1 cooperation, will focus on the theme of open and pragmatic cooperation and sharing the fruits of development. Building on the progress achieved since 2012, in this new phase we should work to both deepen and broaden cooperation, in particular developing the potential of CEE countries to act as an important hub for trade across the Eurasian region.The theme of the summit indicates that leaders wish to expand cooperation beyond the traditional sectors of infrastructure, manufacturing and agriculture, to encompass high-tech sectors, tourism, environmental protection and clean energy. It is hoped that countries will also explore new modes of cooperation. For example, China and Bulgaria have been working together to support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises by creating new financing channels.Beyond the leaders’ summit, the 16+1 provides a useful framework for cooperation at all levels, including between local governments and enterprises. More than 50 provinces and regions have joined the 16+1 association of provincial governors, and two 16+1 mayor forums for capital cities have been held. In the second five-year phase, it is hoped that further platforms can be developed to facilitate diverse forms of cooperation at all levels.The stable development of Sino-European ties will have a mutually reinforcing effect on China’s efforts to deepen integration with CEE countries. To this end, the new round of China-Germany intergovernmental consultations, which Premier Li will attend, is of significance beyond relations between Beijing and Berlin. It also represents a chance to strengthen economic integration across all of Eurasia, and in doing so help push back against current trends of deglobalization.The deepening of ties between China and CEE countries is an integral part of China’s overall development plan, in particular efforts to balance regional growth and boost economic activity in western China. Key cities in western China such as Chongqing are actively participating in the 16+1 mechanism and working to improve the conditions for greater connectivity and integration with CEE countries.Strategically located as a hub for trans-Eurasian trade, Chongqing enjoys direct links to the prosperous Yangtze River Economic Belt, as well as the Southern Corridor to Southeast Asia, which will form a rail and sea link between Europe and Southeast Asia. Chongqing is also the starting point for the Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe railway, which stretches all the way to Duisburg, Germany, passing through such key railway hubs as Kutno, Poland. This service has slashed shipping times between Chongqing and Europe to 13 to 16 days, saving around 20 days compared with ocean freight.Infrastructure investment and 16+1 cooperation are increasing trade between Europe and western China, supporting Chongqing’s development as a multimodal logistics hub for rail, air, road and river shipping. In turn, this is drawing in further investment in logistics and associated industries, as well as attracting companies seeking to take advantage of reducing shipping times between China and Europe.Chongqing is also creating platforms to support new modes of trade, such as a China-Europe cross-border e-commerce platform that will connect more than 30 European countries with the Chinese market. It is estimated that 80 percent of goods purchased through this platform will be shipped directly from Europe to Chongqing via rail, boosting cross-border trade and supporting the upgrading of domestic consumption.Building on the foundation of friendly ties between China and CEE countries, it is hoped that all sides will work together to further develop 16+1 cooperation mechanisms, exploring new areas for fruitful collaboration while also working to build international support for the initiative. Promoting closer economic ties under this framework will not only benefit participating countries, but also act as a catalyst for economic integration across the Eurasian region, helping to counter the current waves of protectionism.In addition to improving infrastructure links and intergovernmental cooperation, there also is a need for more interaction at the people-to-people level. This includes academic exchanges and the cultivation and circulation of talent between China and CEE countries. Premier Li has indicated this is a future direction for 16+1 cooperation.Think tanks also have an important role to play in this regard, by providing new platforms for dialogue and exchange of ideas to deepen mutual understanding and ensure that 16+1 cooperation benefits citizens of all countries.About Author Dr. Wang Huiyao, founder and president of the Center for China and Globalization(CCG), an independent think tank based in Beijing.From China Daily,2018-7-8
2018年7月11日 -
【China Daily】Wang Huiyao:16+1 cooperation offers catalyst for growth
Along with the Belt and Road, it creates potential benefits for citizens of all participating countries and impetus for western ChinaPremier Li Keqiang and German Chancellor Angela Merkel co-chair the fifth round of intergovernmental consultations in Berlin, Germany, July 9, 2018.[Photo/Xinhua]Premier Li Keqiang’s ongoing European visit will make a big difference for Central and Eastern European countries and the region. His trip will see the seventh meeting of the heads of government of China and 16 CEE countries - the so-called 16+1 - as well as the fifth round of China-Germany intergovernmental consultations.Premier Li Keqiang and leaders from 16 Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC) visit an exhibition on the achievements of cooperation between China and the CEEC in Sofia, Bulgaria, July 7, 2018. [Photo/Xinhua]Li’s trip undoubtedly offers a significant opportunity to deepen cooperation between China and the CEE countries under the Belt and Road Initiative and the 16+1 mechanism, creating potential benefits for citizens of all participating countries and impetus for growth in western China.Since its inception in 2012, the 16+1 mechanism has developed and brought progress in many areas. China-CEE trade has increased continuously, growing by 15.9 percent in 2017 to $6.8 billion (5.8 billion euros; £5.2 billion). In the first five months of this year, trade has grown even faster, at 24.2 percent.Investment by CEE countries in China has now exceeded $1.4 billion, focusing on sectors such as equipment manufacturing, auto parts, chemicals, finance and environmental protection. Chinese companies have invested almost $10 billion in CEE countries, with many more major investment projects in the pipeline.Growing economic integration is clearly visible in the increasing density of rail connections between China and CEE countries. Just a decade ago, there was no direct rail freight service between China and Europe. Now the cross-border network has bridged 35 Chinese cities and 34 European cities in 12 countries, including direct rail freight services to Poland, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Serbia.Both sides have also established diverse forms of financial cooperation, creating the China-CEE Fund and platforms such as the China-CEEC Inter-Bank Association to expand financing channels for cooperative projects.The China-CEE leaders’ meeting, the first in the second five-year phase of 16+1 cooperation, will focus on the theme of open and pragmatic cooperation and sharing the fruits of development. Building on the progress achieved since 2012, in this new phase we should work to both deepen and broaden cooperation, in particular developing the potential of CEE countries to act as an important hub for trade across the Eurasian region.The theme of the summit indicates that leaders wish to expand cooperation beyond the traditional sectors of infrastructure, manufacturing and agriculture, to encompass high-tech sectors, tourism, environmental protection and clean energy. It is hoped that countries will also explore new modes of cooperation. For example, China and Bulgaria have been working together to support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises by creating new financing channels.Beyond the leaders’ summit, the 16+1 provides a useful framework for cooperation at all levels, including between local governments and enterprises. More than 50 provinces and regions have joined the 16+1 association of provincial governors, and two 16+1 mayor forums for capital cities have been held. In the second five-year phase, it is hoped that further platforms can be developed to facilitate diverse forms of cooperation at all levels.The stable development of Sino-European ties will have a mutually reinforcing effect on China’s efforts to deepen integration with CEE countries. To this end, the new round of China-Germany intergovernmental consultations, which Premier Li will attend, is of significance beyond relations between Beijing and Berlin. It also represents a chance to strengthen economic integration across all of Eurasia, and in doing so help push back against current trends of deglobalization.The deepening of ties between China and CEE countries is an integral part of China’s overall development plan, in particular efforts to balance regional growth and boost economic activity in western China. Key cities in western China such as Chongqing are actively participating in the 16+1 mechanism and working to improve the conditions for greater connectivity and integration with CEE countries.Strategically located as a hub for trans-Eurasian trade, Chongqing enjoys direct links to the prosperous Yangtze River Economic Belt, as well as the Southern Corridor to Southeast Asia, which will form a rail and sea link between Europe and Southeast Asia. Chongqing is also the starting point for the Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe railway, which stretches all the way to Duisburg, Germany, passing through such key railway hubs as Kutno, Poland. This service has slashed shipping times between Chongqing and Europe to 13 to 16 days, saving around 20 days compared with ocean freight.Infrastructure investment and 16+1 cooperation are increasing trade between Europe and western China, supporting Chongqing’s development as a multimodal logistics hub for rail, air, road and river shipping. In turn, this is drawing in further investment in logistics and associated industries, as well as attracting companies seeking to take advantage of reducing shipping times between China and Europe.Chongqing is also creating platforms to support new modes of trade, such as a China-Europe cross-border e-commerce platform that will connect more than 30 European countries with the Chinese market. It is estimated that 80 percent of goods purchased through this platform will be shipped directly from Europe to Chongqing via rail, boosting cross-border trade and supporting the upgrading of domestic consumption.Building on the foundation of friendly ties between China and CEE countries, it is hoped that all sides will work together to further develop 16+1 cooperation mechanisms, exploring new areas for fruitful collaboration while also working to build international support for the initiative. Promoting closer economic ties under this framework will not only benefit participating countries, but also act as a catalyst for economic integration across the Eurasian region, helping to counter the current waves of protectionism.In addition to improving infrastructure links and intergovernmental cooperation, there also is a need for more interaction at the people-to-people level. This includes academic exchanges and the cultivation and circulation of talent between China and CEE countries. Premier Li has indicated this is a future direction for 16+1 cooperation.Think tanks also have an important role to play in this regard, by providing new platforms for dialogue and exchange of ideas to deepen mutual understanding and ensure that 16+1 cooperation benefits citizens of all countries.About Author Dr. Wang Huiyao, founder and president of the Center for China and Globalization(CCG), an independent think tank based in Beijing.From China Daily,2018-7-8
2018年7月11日 -
赵穗生:当下中美关系正经历又一个“生死存亡的坎”
美国对华接触政策反思在中美贸易战开打,市场一片哀鸿遍野的当下,反思中美关系变得愈发重要。中美是怎样从贸易伙伴变成竞争对手的?在过去40年中,美国究竟是如何看待中国的?美国对华接触政策还站得住脚吗?本文整理了CCG学术委员会专家、美国丹佛大学约瑟夫·科贝尔国际关系学院终身职正教授兼美中合作中心主任赵穗生近日在全球化智库(CCG)会议上的讲座的内容,回顾中美接触40年的演变,反思当下中美关系的转变。一、美国对华接触政策变化的时间结点 赵穗生教授在美国生活了33年,在中国生活了31年,是中美关系着40年变化的见证人。在他看来,这40年间,中美关系从战略伙伴变成战略竞争对手主要经过了下面几个时间结点: 首先是1972年尼克松访华。美国当时开始决定接触中国的目标除了战略调整,联中抗苏之外,更重要的是想要改变中国,让中国实现现代化,而当时的中国也想要改变自己,赵穗生将这种现象概括为中美之间的“理想主义共识”。然而,赵穗生指出,两国之间的共识实际上是存在偏差的。美方的预期是中国在进入现代化社会后,能实现政治上的自由和民主,以此来达到价值观念上的共识。而中方的计划是早日走出文革阴影,将一个落后的、受屈辱的国家变成富国强兵的现代化国家,而不是美国人期待的自由民主。 虽然意识到这种共识存在偏差,但是有一部分的美国学者还是保持乐观态度,认为中国终究会改变的,接触政策要继续坚持。其中最典型的例子就是WTO,美国之所以支持尚未实现市场化的中国以低条件入世,是希望中国能购买自由贸易的原则,逐步朝自己预估的现代化方向发展。 这套逻辑一直支撑着美国的对华接触政策,直到冷战结束后相当一段时间,美国相对低位的衰落使得错位的共识终于开始破裂,美国对中态度由友好逐步转变为竞争。赵穗生认为,中美双方都对错位共识的破裂负有责任。 从美国方面来看,9.11事件把美国人从冷战胜利的狂喜中拽出来。美国过分掏空自己的资源,插手他国政治,发动战争,搞单边主义,无视他国国情强行推行民主,结果给自己和全世界的秩序造成混乱。9.11事件的发生预示着美国丧失了自己的道德制高点,没有了改变中国的道德制高点。 从中国方面来看,9.11和08、09年的金融危机让美国人在中国心中的形象出现崩塌,中国变得信心满满,敢于挑战美国,用中国模式来和美国的价值观相抗衡。中方思想上的转变让美国开始怀疑接触政策,转而用强硬的态度对待中国。二、特朗普时期接触政策的反思:做得多,做得少 自从中国开始挑战美国之后,美国人开始认为自己受骗了。美国反华学者白邦瑞在2015年出版的《百年马拉松》中认为,中国有秘密战略来取代美国,一百年的时间里中国会取代美国。中国人会《孙子兵法》,还会下围棋,这一类战略术数将帮助他们在美国不自觉的情形下实现“自我包围”。 对于接触政策的反思,究竟多大程度上影响了美国的对华政策呢?赵穗生的回答是:说得多,做得少。他以特朗普上台一年多的所作所为为例。特朗普在上台之前猛烈抨击中国,上台后先和蔡英文通电话,让中美关系顿时僵化。二月份和习近平通电话时,声称自己坚持一个中国原则,四月份两人见面,又一副一见如故、相见恨晚的态度。对待台湾问题如此,对待贸易问题也是如此。“中国几个小公司要并购美国的公司,特朗普不同意并购,但是来中国访问一次,吃了烤鸭舌头马上变了,说可以并购。来之前信誓旦旦说3000多亿贸易逆差一定要解决,结果一到北京就变了说辞,将贸易逆差的责任从中国领带人转移到自己的前任身上。”赵穗生说。然而访问过后,特朗普再次改主意,不承认美国的市场经济地位,对中国进行贸易制裁。诸如此类,都说明特朗普在对待中国的态度上出尔反尔,反反复复,到目前为止还没有找到解决方法。三、坚持接触政策的必要性 一种系统性的贬斥取代了反思——在“修昔底德陷阱”思潮上升和美国相对低位的衰落下,美国政界及学界对接触政策批判的声音日益高涨。基于对此类声音的驳斥,赵穗生给出了四点理由: 第一,接触政策中国受益很多,美国也受益很多。金融危机后,中国的经济增长了30%,对美国的经济增长也起到了支撑作用。即使上世纪70年代、80年代,当时中美建交的时候,美国处于一种滞胀状态,就是通货膨胀和经济停滞并存,中国的廉价产品、廉价劳动力在很大程度上帮助美国走出滞涨。这些年中国是美国对外贸易增长最快的一个国家,也是作为单一国家对美国就业支撑最多的一个国家。所以如果打贸易战的话,美国绝对是“伤敌一千自损八百”。 第二,美国要想在亚太地区继续存在,就必须跟中国合作。因为美国在亚太地区的影响力越来越小。十年以前绝大多数的东亚国家和美国的贸易额都超过这些国家贸易额的50%,现在只有20%左右,而中国和这些国家的贸易额已经超过了50%。所以在这种情况下美国要想在亚太地区存在,跟亚太地区国家保持好的关系就必须和中国接触。 第三,接触政策在很大程度上防止了中美之间的对抗,对于中国的发展有利,对于地区的和平和稳定也非常重要。 最后,美国并没有放弃接触政策,而是转型了。过去的接触政策是要改变中国,现在是不求改变中国,只求维护美国的利益。也就是说过去的接触政策强调是用合作来定义竞争,而现在的接触政策是用竞争来定义合作。文章选自搜狐网,2018年7月9日
2018年7月11日 -
王辉耀:美限制外来投资政策自相矛盾
作者简介 王辉耀全球化智库(CCG)主任 与中国改革开放40年来对引进外资的积极热情相比,在大洋彼岸的美国却打着“美国优先”和意识形态的大旗,限制外来投资,也就把国外主动送来的就业机会拒之门外。这不但对投资国不利,同时更不利于美国的经济发展。 在全球化浪潮中,各国经济相互融合,你中有我,我中有你。然而,美国的做法一直处于自相矛盾之中。 中国一直努力解决中美间的贸易争端,但美国一方面指责中国,希望扩大对华出口,减少贸易逆差,增加本国就业,但又设置种种关卡,对中国投资进行各种不符合常理的调查等方式,限制中国在美国的投资。这种自相矛盾的做法无益于中美两国经济联系,限制中国投资也不利于增加美国本地的工作机会。这种一意孤行的做法既不符合历史潮流也将害人害己。 一直以来,中国企业在美投资为促进美国当地经济发展和就业作出了积极贡献。根据美中关系全国委员会和荣鼎集团联合发布的报告,2015年中国企业赴美直接投资超过150亿美元。中国企业在美国附属公司数量已超过1900家,在美国42个州开办有业务,总雇员人数达到9万人。中国福耀集团成为在美进行绿地投资的成功典范。目前,福耀集团已在美国遭受去工业化冲击最为严重的“铁锈地带”的密歇根、俄亥俄两地总计投资超过10亿美元,雇佣逾4000名美国本土工人。如果美国继续加大限制中国在美投资,那么这些民众的工作将会受到极大影响。 在美国投资的中国企业受到特朗普贸易政策的冲击巨大。数据显示,今年前5个月,中国在美直接投资大幅下降至18亿美元,同比下降92%。同时,美国中国总商会发布的《2018年在美中资企业商业调查报告》显示,60%的受访企业最担心特朗普政府对进口产品征收高关税,14%的受访企业认为特朗普政府增加贸易壁垒可能会导致它们减少在美投资。 据美国智库布鲁金斯学会统计,本次贸易战将影响美国40个产业,覆盖约210万个就业机会。而根据美中贸易全国委员会4月30日发布的年度报告显示,美国2017年对华出口在下降两年后开始强劲增长,一年内为美国创造了100万个就业岗位。 美国的自相矛盾还表现在:特朗普政府一方面宣称减税、放松监管等政策将会为外国企业赴美投资提供更有利的环境,另一方面又以反复无常的政策变化,使外国投资者普遍担心贸易政策的不确定性。这种贸易政策的不确定将抵消美国税改带来的积极影响,扰乱全球产业供应链并增加企业运营成本。包括中国企业在内的一些跨国企业对美国当前以及今后一段时期的投资环境的稳定性和政策的连续性存在担忧。 特朗普反复无常的贸易政策和限制投资的政策已经开始“搬起石头砸自己的脚”。近日,哈雷戴维森摩托车公司由于欧盟进口关税上涨问题,决定将把旗下多款车型的生产线从美国转移,来降低成本上涨而损失的利润。而总部设在底特律的通用企业也给政府发出警告,由于其在美国销售的汽车和卡车中,大约40%将来自进口。所以关税大战将使其不得不削减在美国国内的工作岗位。可想而知,特朗普如果继续采取这样的政策,将会大大破坏美国国内的投资环境,使更多的美国本地企业“离家出走”,将为美国带来失业问题。 美国曾是全球化浪潮的引领者,其限制中国投资的做法违背历史潮流和经济规律,不仅无益于中美关系的改善,也损害了本国的就业,最终受伤的将是美国和世界各国的普通民众。实践将证明,这一做法终将不可持续。文章选自《经济日报》,2018年7月10日
2018年7月11日 -
王琳达:新时代下的新担当
理事简介王琳达,CCG副主席、怡海集团董事局主席。 2017年11月,王琳达当选为北京民办教育协会基础教育分会与北京市教育学会民办中小学幼儿教育研究会理事长。 伴随民办教育的改革与发展,王琳达有哪些新的感悟与展望? 民办基础教育迎来质的飞跃 新修订的《民办教育促进法》2017年9月1日起正式施行,营利性办学合法化。民办教育如何在全新跑道上实现加速跑?在王琳达看来,在多元化需求背景下,教育顺应各方需求已经呈现出了百花齐放的状态,给了百姓更多的选择。 教育在线周刊:您觉得民办教育未来发展会怎样? 王琳达:十九大以后,从中央到地方政府再到百姓,他们对民办教育的多元需求和要求都会有更加明确的方向。可以说,北京的民办基础教育是全国的风向标,也要在一定程度上给中国民办基础教育起到带头作用。 民办教育是在非常艰难的情况下发展到今天的。十九大之后,我感受到的是周围民办教育人的欢欣鼓舞。在政策上,教育相关部门对民办教育的发展给予了很大的市场和空间,民办园、校长都感到未来方向更加明确。 我认为,民办教育的拓荒者们是最可爱的一代人,他们本身就是不容易的。那个年代做任何一个行业也许都可以挣钱,但在教育行业是很难挣到钱的,我想每一个民办教育拓荒者都有情怀、有理想。我了解到的很多民办教育拓荒者在艰难困苦的时代都是在贴着钱办教育。因此,有这样一批人在引领民办教育,相信未来发展会更好。 教育周刊:党的十九大报告指出,我国已进入一个新时代,在这样一个时代,民办学校的市场定位和办学特色会有怎样的转化? 王琳达:十九大对民办教育而言是一个春天。这个春天带来的是什么?首先,民办教育营利性办学合法化;第二,民办教育有了质的飞跃。社会需求在当今越来越多元化,有人需要民办教育,有人需要普惠教育。在多元化需求背景下,教育顺应各方需求已经呈现出了百花齐放的状态,给了百姓更多的选择;第三,在十九大以及新修订的《民办教育促进法》的背景下,民办教育更强调法规化、市场化。我认为营利性办学合法化对民办教育而言是重大利好,民办教育能够生存得好,最大优势就是它的市场化,它的体制决定它可以由市场来调节。 改革开放40年来,十九大是一个新时代开始的里程碑,这个新时代更注重的是规范管理,特别各部门为民办教育创造出了更广阔的发展空间。 过去很长一段时间,民办教育,尤其是一些偏远地区的民办教育存在不够透明的情况,新修订的《民办教育促进法》的出台会推动民办教育领域出现更多更好的教育理念和教育思想、方法,最终家长和孩子们会享有更多的获得感,往大了说也在为实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦贡献力量。 中国未来发展哪些方面最重要?我认为其中之一是教育,更重要的是基础教育。中国越是发展得快,越是需要优秀人才,这些人才的起源就是我国基础教育。高楼平地起最重要的是什么?就是地基要打好。要把十九大的召开和新修订的《民办教育促进法》实施的契机真正抓住抓好,民办教育的发展肯定会像雨后春笋般蓬勃发展。 好的基础教育不再仅仅是我国的需要,而是全球的需要。在国际上我们有6000多万的华人华侨,他们的子女也需要中国的教育。我想在未来,了解中国文化也是世界竞争的重要标准。所以,首先我们要在“一带一路”建设中让中国教育走出去。 政府高兴,园校满意,学生受益 当选新一届基教分会及研究会理事长,王琳达说:“办优质教育一直是我的初衷,基教分会及研究会将起带头作用,让更多的校、园长办人民满意的教育。‘政府高兴,园校满意,学生受益’是基教分会及研究会的目标。” 教育在线周刊:基教分会及研究会对民办校长将起到哪些作用?您对基教分会及研究会的未来设想有哪些? 王琳达:北京基教分会及研究会已经有10年没有换届。我这次当选理事长最重要的工作是在新修订的《民办教育促进法》实施的背景下,让北京民办中小幼的校长们懂法、守法。 从事教育行业20余年,我一直在坚持“办优质教育”的初衷。虽然不是教育学科班出身,但在20多年的实践过程中得到了很多业界人士的认可,这也是让我特别高兴的事情。 我所做的是一个完善的教育社区,从亲子园、幼儿园、小学、初中到高中都有涉及。我认为作为基教分会及研究会的理事长,在办学过程中要起到带头作用,带领校园长们学习法律,尤其是刚刚施行的《民办教育促进法》,让校、园长们学法、用法,同时基教分会也会保护并维护民办教育举办者的合法权益。 同时,基教分会及研究会要做好桥梁和纽带作用,上下多点联系,特别是加强同民办校、园长的联系,做好政府和民办校长之间的纽带和沟通作用,要更多地到学校和园所倾听他们的意见和建议。 基教分会和研究会还要努力搭建好平台,让这个平台为更多的民办教育园、校服务,开展各种各样的相关活动,加大宣传和引导,扩大民办教育校园影响力,共同促进民办教育发展。 基教分会和研究会更重要的是要团结好各个校、园长,依法维权,加强自律,真正为他们提供全方位的服务,让“政府高兴,园校满意,学生受益”。 “王妈妈”是我最爱的称呼 久经商场和教育领域,王琳达有着太多的头衔,也获得了数不清的荣誉,中国侨商联合会常务副会长、北京市政协委员、怡海集团董事长……但王琳达说,她最高兴也最欣慰的还是孩子们那一声声“王妈妈”的呼唤。 教育周刊:几年前周刊在采访您时,您谈到在资助北川中学的孩子们,现在灾害已经过去将近10年,您还在坚持吗?除此之外,这两年您还做了哪些公益教育事业呢? 王琳达:对北川中学的孩子我一直都有在资助,今年是第九年。当时和我一起做这件事的很多人都离开了,但我一直把它当成一个长期的事情,做的时候就没想过退出,坚持做好这件事是因为社会责任感比其他任何东西都更重要。 我刚从塞尔维亚回来,在那捐助了一个幼儿园。在考察过程中,发现他们一所幼儿园办6年还没有建好,他们说还缺一些钱,我当场就答应捐给他们。为什么这么快就答应?我认为“一带一路”建设,我们国家要做的不是一味地索取他国资源、增加市场竞争,更关键的是要交朋友,做到互利共赢。交朋友的过程中最重要的事情就是要了解朋友的需求,帮助他们把基础教育建好我想就是他们现在最迫切的需求。捐助的幼儿园的名字叫“怡海王妈妈幼儿园”,从那天开始,塞尔维亚、巴尔干,几乎整个中东欧都知道了这件事。我回来想,我的运气确实好,让我抓住了这样一个机会去帮助他们。 我一直认为,一切的理想和梦想从基础教育开始,而所有的梦想和理想都需要优秀的人去落实。 我在做的是一件漫长的、很长时间都见不到效果的事情,但是我觉得这就是基础教育的魅力所在,也是每一个教育人值得尊敬之处,因为他们做了一件别人不敢做而且很难做好的事情。我一直很庆幸的是,在教育的路上我坚持下来了。 教育周刊:当时为什么想做这么一件长期看不到回报的事情? 王琳达:我觉得这是由一个人的基础素质决定的。北京市政府到香港招商,就这样我从香港来到北京丰台,那时候丰台什么也没有,我都不知道让我自己的孩子去哪里上学,当时周边的住户也面临这样的困扰。丰台区委书记告诉我,政府批下一所学校最少得三五年时间,即便到时候批下来可能也只能是一所农村学校。我说时间太长,书记当时也很支持我的想法,话赶话就开始办学了。 后来我想,这一切的开始都是为了想让附近的居民享受到更好的教育,解决他们能上学、上好学的需要。 除了政府、市场有需要,我最幸运的是在办学时碰到了一个好老师——陶西平先生。陶老得知我要办学的消息,把我请到他那里谈了半个小时话,他告诉我办学要有创造肯担当,这半个小时一直激励着我整个办学生涯。 教育周刊:在20多年办教育的过程中,您观察到的教育领域发生了哪些变化? 王琳达:无论是公办还是民办教育,我都感觉到确实发展得太快了。我1997年开始办教育的时候,很多学校确实是以孩子成绩为第一位。那个时候我就觉得不能把孩子教育成书虫,怡海一直主张的就是素质教育,20年前就开始把中华传统文化融进校园。 我一直觉得,对于基础教育首先要把孩子的习惯培养好,比如懂尊重、懂礼貌等一些最基本的做人的道理要知道。这些道理中华传统文化早就已经告诉我们,关键要把这些教给孩子们。孩子们只有知道这些才会有爱国之心、助人之心。行为规范学好了、学习的能力具备了,我认为将来孩子长大了做什么都可以。 办教育就是要真干、实干。教育这个词很好听,也受人尊敬,但是不能随便去做。教育最难的是要花很大的爱心和经历,没有情怀是做不好教育的。做融资很容易走歪路,很多企业家来咨询我是否要进入教育行业,我都劝他们一定要谨慎考虑。 教育在线周刊:教育事业有很多琐碎的事情,只有情怀显然不足以支撑,您是怎么20年如一日地办教育,而且还一直褒有热情和新鲜感的? 王琳达:我想是因为对社会的责任感。办了学校就要对国家和政府负有责任,其次,对学生和家长也有很大责任。没有责任感绝对办不好学校,我要做的是用我的热情和执着,让孩子感受到学校的文化和精神。 我们学校的孩子让我很骄傲,一见到我就叫“王妈妈”,如果自己学校的孩子能够为社会做出贡献,我这个“王妈妈”心里也会特别欣慰。20多年办教育的过程中,我最喜欢的称呼就是“王妈妈”,如今海外也有了很多“王妈妈”的孩子。文章选自人民政协网,2018年1月24日
2018年7月10日 -
金灿荣:如果真打贸易战,中国还有三张王牌确保会赢
金灿荣,全球化智库(CCG)学术委员会专家,中国人民大学国际关系学院副院长。贸易问题上中国其实不怕美国。我和几位学者推演过,贸易战最好不打,因为两败俱伤;但如果真打,中国会赢,这是很多人可能想不到的,特朗普自己可能都没想到。特朗普,估计美国精英也一样,都认为在贸易问题上,基本事实对美国有利。去年中美之间有5,300亿美元的货物贸易,按照他们的说法,美国只卖给中国1,500亿美元的货物,所以他们觉得亏大了,总是说中国多赚了美国3,760多亿美元,所以觉得打贸易战中国损失会更大。但事实情况不是这样的,他们自己把自己欺骗了。实际情况是,美国确实直接卖给中国1,500亿美元的货物,但是通过台、港、澳等地区,美国以转口贸易的形式间接卖给中国的还有1,000亿美元的货物,这部分特朗普没有算进去;而中国通过台、港、澳等地区卖给美国的货物他算进去了,采取的是双重标准,理由还很正式——“原产地原则”。只不过原产地在中国的商品他都算进去了,包括经过台、港、澳等地区卖出去的商品,他把这些地方只看成中转站;而原产地在美国的商品,他就把台、港、澳等地区看成赚差价的“中间商”,再卖给谁他就不管了。所以这个统计账,从一开始美国就少给自己算了1,000亿(美元)。去年中美的商品贸易,中国卖给美国5,300亿美元(的商品)这确实没错,但美国卖给中国其实是2,500亿美元(的商品)。然后贸易不光是商品贸易,还有服务贸易。中美去年的服务贸易总额是1,182亿美元。但在服务贸易中,美国是547亿美元的顺差。什么概念?通过服务贸易,美国去年赚的钱基本上接近900亿美元,所以(商品贸易)那边2,500亿美元,(服务贸易)这边900亿美元,事实上,美国去年通过贸易在中国赚的钱有3,400亿美元。中国这边对美服务贸易出口约有300亿美元,商品贸易5,300亿美元,加起来是5,600亿美元。所以,(中美贸易逆差)真正的差距应该是5,600亿和3,400亿的差值,即2,200亿美元,并不是特朗普讲的3,760亿美元。中国不否认这个逆差,但还有一个问题,中国对美出口的商品多属于加工贸易,商品很多是外国公司的,外国公司当中一多半是美国公司,像iPhone就是在深圳和郑州两个基地生产,生产完成后返销美国,这都算是中国出口,实际上生产加工iPhone只能让中国企业赚一点点钱,但都算在中国名下。所以结论就是双方的贸易利益是一样的,这个账是杀敌一千,自损一千,不是杀敌一千,自损八百。然后特朗普先是吓唬中国要征500亿美元(商品的)税,征1,000亿美元(商品的)税,之后就开始制裁中兴了,制裁中兴相当于是战场上的警告性打击,就是告诉你,你有弱点,我要全面出击你就要完蛋了,希望你知难而退。打击中兴就是美国向中国发出警告,除了征税这样的传统贸易战,美国还有个崭新的领域,用高端芯片卡中国的脖子。但是我估计特朗普后来算清楚了,也不敢打了。为什么?美国的高端芯片确实是全世界最棒,中端芯片有韩国三星和台湾企业,高端是荷兰和日本有一点,美国的高端芯片占了90%。问题是这个高端芯片成本很高的,所以必须高价卖出去。美国芯片公司卖给中国的芯片,起步价的净利润是90%,有经济知识的都知道,净利润90%,毛利润就要奔着200%去了。只有卖出很高的价钱,芯片制造商才能保持研发上的高投入,形成循环。而维持这个循环的主要是中国市场。以高通(编者注:美国芯片制造商)为例,去年它的芯片市场70%在中国。芯片是一种没法直接卖给消费者的商品,只能卖给电子设备生产厂家,美国芯片的厂家全在东亚与东南亚,而且主要在中国。2017年全世界芯片市场总产值是4,400亿美元,中国就占了2,600亿美元。其中美国的高端芯片70%都售往中国市场,中东地区的国家使用不了那么多芯片,指望非洲、中亚、南亚、南太平洋、拉美都不现实,欧洲有自己的(高端芯片),日本有自己的(高端芯片),所以它(美国高端芯片)的市场全在东亚,而东亚当中韩国、台湾、越南,再算上新加坡、印度,加起来只占到30%,70%都在中国。所以如果特朗普真的彻底不把高端芯片卖给中国,美国芯片厂家会大批倒闭。芯片制造商投入很多,然后70%的市场放弃了,你说是不是要倒闭?而且倒闭会发生两次,因为高端芯片制造商倒闭一定会连带华尔街,美国股市是很虚高的,这个虚高主要是靠高科技股吹起来的,传统股吹不起来。所以美国的高端芯片一旦完蛋,华尔街也要完蛋。缺乏高端芯片,其实对中国没什么影响,无非就是产业升级慢一点,一些特别高精尖的项目暂时搞不了——其实通过各种渠道还是能有一些高端芯片流入中国国内,所以关键项目也是不受影响的,一般项目会影响一点,那就先用中端(芯片)凑合。然后中国正好借这个机会发展高端。中兴事件出现以后,中国官方的内部精神就是用“两弹一星”精神五年解决问题。哪怕就是说五年这个过程慢了点,但五年后肯定可以解决,这是挺好的结局;而美国,一批高科技企业倒台,连带华尔街崩盘,他损失更大,所以这招美国根本不会用的。然后美国就没招了。但中国还有三张牌可以跟美国打,两张“小王”,一张“大王”。“小王”是什么?第一张是彻底禁止对美国出口稀土。所有芯片都需要有色金属,有色金属的原料是稀土,中国的稀土产量占世界95%,是垄断性的,而且中国稀土工业质量很好,其他国家也有稀土,但是开采工业不如中国,产量低、质量差、环境污染比中国还严重,所以就被中国挤垮了。数据来源:公开资料整理 图片来源:中国产业信息网中国如果彻底禁止稀土(向美国)出口,美国很多东西造都造不出来,会迫使美国开采自己的稀土,但这不是马上就见效的,需求量太大了,开采量满足需求要好几年时间,中间有个空档期。等美国的稀土供应全面恢复,中国的高端芯片也搞完了,都可以向外出口了。美国国债是另一张“小王”牌。中国持有2万亿美国国债,得个机会(在美国国债上做文章)就不得了,比如像2008年金融危机的时候,美国国债3个月卖不动,中国政府逆风而上,稳定了信心,美国活过来了。那时候中国要是落井下石,美国就惨了。“大王”牌是什么?“大王”牌是美国公司在中国的市场。美国在华公司进来得早,刚刚改革开放就进来了,除了赚钱还占了很多市场,去年美国公司在中国市场赚的钱是3,800多亿美元,比美国对华贸易赚得还多,而中国公司在美国市场就赚200多亿美元,差得很远。如果中国提出市场均等,我没有在你那儿卖那么多,你也别在我这卖那么多了,比如说通用别克(编者注:美国汽车品牌),去年在中国的销售额420亿美元,在美国本土才390亿美元,(中国市场的销售额)超过本土了。如果一旦限制通用在中国的市场——那是它的最大市场,通用的股票就跌惨了。再比如,苹果公司去年在中国销售额为460亿美元,世界第二,仅次于美国本土,让苹果的市值成为全球第一。但中国完全可以下手把苹果的市场彻底打掉,比如说现在其他国家的手机在美国卖必须装GPS,那中国就要求苹果手机装北斗,不装不让你卖,很简单。这三张王牌一点也不夸张。美国现在就是傲慢,又焦虑又傲慢。特别是现在美国气势汹汹的民族主义情绪上来会对中国很有利。美国企业如果失掉中国市场,中国方面受损失的主要是中国的买办、代理人之类,而不是普通工人。中国14亿人,如果12亿人“火大”了,剩下2亿人也没问题,相关的政策很顺利就推行了,然后中国官方可以另外想办法。比如说,如果把宝洁打掉,中国传统的蜂花之类的企业会顶上来。处理那些倒掉的美国企业其实也很简单,它贬值了,国内企业一并购就完了,并购完成后继续生产,人员之类的继续保留,所以处理起来并不难的。中国可能在一些产业上更开放一点,像保险、金融、医疗等行业,汽车业再降点关税,电商给(美国企业)一点点(市场)份额,电影市场可能也会再开放一点。中国在尊重知识产权方面也可以再多做一点工作,习近平主席有过相关承诺,这方面我估计动作还可以再大一点,把知识产权保护再做得好一些,还有继续变好的余地。这个是很正常的,中国肯定要尽量地把自己的行为合理化,所以尽量要往全球化、自由贸易、多边秩序上靠,把美国往反全球化、保护主义、单边主义上靠。所以现在美国人也很注意,我记得近期美国国务卿彭佩奥(Mike Pempeo)在一个智库讲话,他说中国现在号称支持自由贸易,这是个笑话(It's a joke)。美国当然也看到了这一点,双方都要强调旗帜,因为美国现在是四处出击,不光是整中国,也整其他国家,所以中国的说法有合理性,或多或少让中国的行为更容易让人接受。但是应该这么说:(鼓吹中欧联手的)效果有多少,你也别太指望。欧洲跟美国的矛盾属于家里人吵架,中国则彻底是外人。就好像欧美是姐妹俩、兄弟俩,吵架太正常了,但是不影响他们的血缘关系,再吵他们也是一家。中国毕竟是外人,所以别指望那个(中欧联手),中国打贸易战就是靠自己,欧洲不落井下石就已经很好了。但是中国提出这个说法是对的,我们要把自己的行为与比较普遍被国际接受的观念结合起来,这是聪明的做法。只是效果不要太期待,能让其他人不太好反驳,不跟着美国一起,效果就非常好了。文章选自中国国家历史,2018年7月8日
2018年7月10日