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CCG持续关注国际关系议题,推动中国与全球化的发展,积极开展国际交流,充分发挥智库“二轨外交”作用,在巴黎和平论坛、达沃斯世界经济论坛、慕尼黑安全会议等重要国际政策与意见交流平台上组织分论坛、边会、圆桌会议、晚宴等活动,促进国际政商学界对话,凝聚共识;CCG积极与各国政界、智库界、工商界开展“二轨外交”活动,每年常态化赴多国调研与交流,促进中外关系攸关方互动,保持与多国政策圈层的沟通渠道。
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丁学良:中国高校海外招生,先一箭三雕
专家简介丁学良,中国与全球化智库(CCG)学术专家委员会专家,香港科技大学教授,卡内基国际和平基金会高级研究员。 为什么北美大学每年全球招生,还给发展中国家的学生提供大量奖学金?他们这么坚持做了几十年,一定是算了活账和长远账,把扩大本国综合影响、增加文化交流、刺激本地学生竞争力、引进明天的高级人材等要素考虑在内。大学国际化,一定要从长远的活账着眼! 大陆高校海外招生最重要的正能量:若是增加从海外招收女生的数量,就大大提升内地男生找到合适女友结婚成家的机会,这尤其帮了理工科高校男生的大忙。在上大学期间结识的对象,日后成家更有可能和谐,特别是对养育下一代有好处。 过去十几年里,全球的大学(包括文理学院Liberal Arts College)竞争和评比体系新增了几项指标。虽然有的指标并不受笔者的拥护——因为它们欠缺高等教育的实质要素,容后再评说,有几项还是具有新鲜实质内容的。本文单提“国际化”这一项,主要是看一所高校的学生和教师两大群体里,各自包含多大比例的外国公民。 高校国际化:算死账算活账?算短账算长账? 笔者1993年春第一次来香港工作时,香港高校教师的国际化刚刚迈上一个新台阶,主要是由于1997年香港主权回归的刺激。但过了好几年,香港高校的学生国际化才慢慢起步。香港那时对境外学生来港读大学只是算死账——他们会耗费本地纳税人的多少钱?因为香港的高校是公立的,政府要对每个学生拨款资助。公款资助占每个学生在校期间全部费用的比重,依据该学生的家庭财政状况。如果从香港的境外招生,外地生家长不向香港缴税,外地生拿到的高校资助就成了香港纳税人的损失。即便外地生不拿本港的奖(助)学金,全自费,也还是占了香港的便宜,因为香港高校的学费显著低于市场价格,靠的是政府的各种补贴。比如,2015-2016学年,香港几所大学的全额学费约为10-12万港币,这比素质相似的美国州立大学对非本州学生的收费要少一半以上,差距就是香港政府的补贴。 我们这类从国际教职员市场上被招聘到香港教书的人,当时就以北美高校的例子跟本港的算死账派讨论:你们这样的小算盘北美就不会打?为什么他们的大学每年全球招生,还给发展中国家的学生提供大量奖学金?他们这么坚持做了几十年,一定是算了活账和长远账,把扩大本国综合影响、增加文化交流、刺激本地学生竞争力、引进明天的高级人材等要素考虑在内。大学国际化,一定要从长远的活账着眼! 大陆高校的海外招生要有初级蓝图 笔者之所以简介当年香港的这种辩论,就是预料到,中国内地一些读者读了本文的提议,也会有类似的质疑。我非常希望能在每年的“两会”上听到有相关的提议和讨论,因为这是含义深远的公共政策议题。建议:中国内地的高校(包括二级学院和高级职业技术学院),也需要扩大从海外招收本科生的比例,定下一个大概的指标,到某年为止,某类地区的某类高校力争有某个百分比的海外本科生。 十多年前,香港高校初定的目标是海外本科生达到8%;更早一些年,定下的海外研究生比例是20%;现在这些指标已经超过。这种国际化趋势给本地高校带来的正面效应远超过香港纳税人为此而付出的短期财政支出。基于这个经验,笔者也能列出一长串相似的对内地将会带来的正面效应,即便短期来看,内地也需要对国际化付出相当的资助费用。 高校国际化趋势给内地带来的长期正能量效应中的有几项,大道理明显,此处无需细论,比如增加中国的软实力。这里笔者仅挑出有具体内容的三项,作点阐释。第一项正能量效应,是刺激教学的双向挑战互动。中国传统式的大学课堂里,学生很少是作为教学过程的积极参与者。海外学生提问题的劲头通常更踊跃,尤其是他们提出的问题的视角,往往出乎你的预料,有“横路冲出来一匹黑马”的拍案惊奇效果。 正能量两例 笔者永远不会忘记早年的一个经历:1990年代初我参加美国东北部的高校交流,给一年级通识课班的学生讲中国的男女不平等在公共资源分配上的多种表现,比如公厕。到了课末对中美在此问题上的异同进行讨论时,有个学生就批评我说的“男士在这边排队,女士在那边排队”的分类考虑不周。我很惊讶,反问学生应该怎么表述才完整,学生答:“你应该想到还有极少数的人,是变性的中性的,既非男,也非女。”真没想到,时隔四分之一个世纪,在2016年美国大选中,该问题竟然是影响很多人投票的一个公共政策因素。在今年2月22日,特朗普行政部门要就此特别发布一个公告,废除前任总统的指导意见。 高校国际化的第二项正能量效应,是可以为中国内地输入高素质的新移民作铺垫。来中国大陆读书的海外生,大部分是要回到他们的原居住地的。这些人的返回原地对中国今后拓展和那些国家及地区的经贸、文化、政治、非传统安全(如环境污染和流行病的控制)等方面的交往,功能不可小视。但中国大陆也应该尽快改进相关的政策法规,让其中有意愿留在大陆就业和创业的海外生先拿到1-3年有效的中式绿卡,继而开启他们日后顺利地和以较低成本变成永久移民的合法通道。当目前一些西方国家收缩技术移民的窗口、日本继续奉行对移民关门的过时法规的期间,中国大陆适度放开国际移民的门窗,能收到多种的名实效应。 国际上比较各国的竞争力高低,最关键的要素之一是看该国的中心城市或核心地区的人力资源的广博程度:越是多有来自外地、外国的人在这里学习工作,这里就越是具有创新力。因此,全球最具创新力的那些城市和地区,都是人力资源最开放最五花八门的。你再看看中国内地的城市和地区,至今有多大比例的海外人士在那儿学习工作?仅凭这一条,内地的一线城市跟伦敦、纽约、柏林、巴黎、波士顿、洛杉矶等一流城市比,就差着好几个等级!笔者2007-2008年参与一项国际合作项目,调查跨国学生的流向和地区高新产业发展,二者的相关度极高。这里的道理并不复杂:你仅仅从本国的各地吸引人才,哪能比得过从全球各地招人引才!高校国际化是人力资源全球化的至关重要环节,越早起步尝试,越能逐步改进相关的机制。 最重要的正能量效应 第三项正能量效应,是为内地高校的男生间接介绍女朋友,成他人之好。笔者近期曾在专栏文章中简评了内地适婚人口男女失衡的严重性。一方面,在任何国家和地区内部,男女失衡的人伦后果都是按照经济和社会地位分布的。也就是说,越是综合地位低的男人,越是难以娶到妻子,有高校学历的男子承受“无妻徒刑”的概率要低于不具高校学历的同龄男子。另一方面也要看到,男生找女朋友,绝大多数做不到漫天撒网、八方出击。上大学期间那么忙,能够结识女友的圈子,以本校和周围高校为主。大陆高校若是增加从海外招收女生的数量,就大大提升内地男生找到合适女友结婚成家的机会,这尤其帮了理工科高校男生的大忙。在上大学期间结识的对象,日后成家更有可能和谐,特别是对养育下一代有好处。 大陆高校若是增加从海外招收女生的数量,就大大提升内地男生找到合适女友结婚成家的机会。 鉴于上述考虑,内地高校从海外招生的时候,就应该对女生多加分:如果其它条件相等,录取女生的几率至少要高一倍。同时也须设立对海外女生特别优待的助(奖)学金资源和评比标准,尽量让那些愿意到大陆来读书的海外女生得到财金扶持。这样做,符合文明世界的公共政策原则,很多发达国家都有偏向相对弱势群体的扶持法规。中国内地高校这么做,还能提升中国在国际社会的好评。每过若干年,请多方人士作全面回顾和检视,分析其利弊和提出改进的措施,使这类优待海外女生的项目产生尽可能大的效益。按笔者的评估尺度,只要招进来的境外女生身心健康、学成毕业(不必是高材生)、合法留在内地、与大陆男友成家、至少生育两个孩子(两个女孩最佳,一女一男次佳),就是中国国民利益的纯进账。 内地高校招海外生,要有预备班的安排。有些海外生的语言能力不足,须先过语言关。笔者1984年去美国读书,第一学期便是在匹兹堡大学的实用英语班受到强化训练,由校方奖学金支付。香港的大学本科原来是跟英国的一样,三年制。自从扩大招收内地学生以后,就新加了“0年级”,主要是语言训练,英语为主,粤语为辅,上完后再进一年级,全部是四年制。内地的预备班,可以参照这类变通做法。 内地高校从海外招生是一箭多雕,本文暂摆出三雕。仅仅这三雕也够吸引人了,得抓紧做起来。文章选自中国大学在线,2017年3月24日
2017年4月5日 -
【China Daily】China welcomes more job-seeking foreign graduates
Foreign job seekers at job fair in Beijing, Nov 5, 2016. [Photo/VCG]BEIJING - Four months before getting his Master’s degree in computer science, Irish student Gareth Lacey got a job offer from a Chinese tech start-up in Beijing’s equivalent of Silicon Valley.It might not sound like a big deal to a science postgraduate student in Beijing, but the offer did not come easily.China only recently dropped the work experience requirement for foreign postgraduates, opening a floodgate of opportunities, especially to foreign students pursuing higher education degrees in China.It had been almost impossible for foreign students to be employed right after graduation. Two years of work experience were mandatory in most cases, Beijing-based foreign students said.Lacey, who has been studying at Beijing Institute of Technology, will be among the first to benefit.He described the policy as a "welcome change" for himself and many foreign graduates in similar positions.According to a January circular issued by Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Ministry of Education, foreign students with a postgraduate degree or higher from Chinese or "well-known" foreign universities can be offered employment within a year after graduation.Applicants should be healthy, have no criminal record, obtain a B grade average (or 80 out of a 100-point scale), have a job offer related to the major of study and with an income no lower than the local average.Successful applicants will be given a one-year work permit, which can be extended to no more than five at renewal.Lacey said the Chinese job market is a big draw for foreign job-seekers due to competitive salaries and relatively low living costs.With its rapid development, China’s market has more to offer foreign job-seekers. Typical jobs for expatriates used to be language teachers, multinational executives, and foreign mission staffers, but the range is widening quickly.Figures on the number of foreign employees in China are not always available. It was estimated that in the first decade of this century, the number of foreigners working in China grew three times to 220,000, according to the Ministry of Public Security, which oversees immigration affairs.Lacey said that with the new policy, he suspects there will be a large increase in recent graduates seeking work in China."I found it hard to understand in the past that multiple scholarships were offered to foreign students to study in China, but after graduating, they had to leave," he said.Chinese universities began aggressively enrolling foreign students in 2010. The amount of scholarships has been increased over the years.The country aims to become Asia’s top destination for international students by 2020, targeting 500,000 foreign students enrolled per year by then.The Beijing-based think tank Center for China and Globalization (CCG) estimates that about 398,000 foreign students came to study in China in 2015.Wang Ying, director of the international student office under Beijing Institute of Technology, said Beijing’s Zhongguancun hi-tech zone had actually started piloting the policy last year and it was well received.Postgraduates jumped at the opportunity, Wang said. Last year, his school organized eleven job affairs for international students. Each was full packed. Tech giants like Huawei were among the hiring firms."Many of our students were thrilled. They told me they wanted to learn Mandarin and work in China," Wang said.The appeal of a Chinese job is not confined to metropolises like Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen.There is enthusiasm in mid-level and even smaller cities.Ayaz Ali, a Pakistani Ph.D. candidate studying at Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said it was his dream to work in the northwest city of Lanzhou.Ali said other than participating in the world’s leading cryospheric research, he finds the local culture accommodating to Muslims like him. The province of Gansu, where Lanzhou is located, has a relatively large Muslim population, and Islamic rituals and practices are observed.Ali said many Pakistani students come to study in China, but until now few have been able to stay on after graduation, which remains a cause of concern among Pakistani students in China."After all, it is also very hard to find a good job back home," he said.Ma Xiaolei, director of the international student affairs office at Beijing Language and Culture University, said lowering the employment threshold for foreign students serves the strategy to reinvigorate China through human resources development.He said foreign employees will help Chinese enterprises gain an advantage as they expand overseas, and it is logical for foreign graduates of Chinese universities to put to use what they learn in school.To open its market, China has also been easing the residence and entry policies for foreigners.Last year, 1,576 foreigners obtained permanent residence in China, rising 163 percent over the previous year. Foreigners with permanent residence will enjoy the same rights as Chinese citizens in areas such as investment, housing purchases and schooling, among other rights.From China Daily,2017-3-29
2017年4月5日 -
【China Daily】Gao Wei: Reform will help develop film market
China’s box office revenue stood at 4.5 billion yuan (around $680 million) in July, down 18 percent year on year, the first decrease in five years. [Photo/Xinhua]The import of Hollywood movies has influenced the development of contemporary Chinese movie market. China reformed its film industry in 1993, bringing about rapid development of the industry.From 1995 to 2001, China imported 10 foreign movies every year. After joining the World Trade Organization in 2001, China increased the number of imported films to 20 a year. The figure was further raised to 34 in 2012.From 1993 onwards, the Chinese film industry has realized a miraculous growth. Apart from the increase in the number of films produced every year, the annual box office returns in China jumped from 950 million yuan ($138 million) in 1995 to 45.71 billion yuan in 2016-58 percent of which came from Chinese movies. And the total number of movie screens in China has risen to 40,917, the highest in the world.Foreign movies have not only influenced the Chinese audience’s aesthetics and satisfied the demand of the Chinese market; they have also stimulated China’s movie production business. They have played the catalyst in the transformation of Chinese movie production model from extensive to industrialized and high-quality products, and provided higher reference standards and better learning materials for Chinese movie makers in terms of technology, material selection and distribution.Moreover, along with the gradual but steady increase in cooperation between China’s movie industry and Hollywood, Sino-US cultural exchanges have become more frequent. Chinese culture has spread in the United States through an increasing number of Chinese cultural symbols, products and stories in Hollywood movies and TV shows.Creating new requirements for film industry management, the emergence of new patterns in China’s movie market has stimulated systemic innovations. In 2004, Chinese movies for the first time generated higher box office returns than Hollywood movies and have maintained that comparative advantage since.The main reason the Chinese film industry has flourished and Chinese movies have made more money than Hollywood flicks is the government’s policy which, among other things, limits the number of new foreign movies that can be screened in the country in one year, puts a cap on foreign investment in cinema chains and has zero tolerance toward movie piracy.The Film Industry Promotion Law, which came into force on March 1 this year, however, signals the beginning of a new era for the movie industry, characterized by the rule of law. The government will now adhere to decentralization, combine tight and loose policies, simplify the examination and approval process for films, lower the barriers for entry to China’s movie market and further standardize the market order.The Chinese movie market is one of the largest in the world. The increasing number of Chinese-foreign co-productions has injected vitality into and helped the rapid development of the Chinese film industry. Chinese film companies and studios, on their part, are ready to participate in co-productions with foreign filmmakers and movie companies for win-win results.About AuthorGao Wei, a fellow at the Center for China and Globalization(CCG) and a researcher at the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television of China.From China Daily,2017-4-1
2017年4月5日 -
【China Daily】China, Russia share path to prosperity
Visitors to the China-Russia Expo in Harbin, Heilongjiang province, check goods from Russia in June. The province has close trade ties with Russia. Wang Jianwei / XinhuaCoordination of Belt and Road, Eurasian Economic Union boosts development outlook for both countriesAt the Europlastic factory in Vladivostok, the largest city in the Russian Far East, workers use Italian-built machinery to make plastic bottle caps out of raw materials imported from China.It is a dynamic that largely reflects the current international business scene in Russia.The name "Europlastic" highlights an ambition cherished by many Russian enterprises: to thrive in the European market. Yet the company has almost no business in Europe, with overall trade having plummeted since the European Union imposed sanctions on Russia in the wake of the 2014 Ukraine crisis.At the same time, the fact that the manufacturing plant uses only raw materials from China highlights the need for Chinese imports in Russia’s light industry sector.The situation has created an opportunity for China to foster greater economic cooperation with its large neighbor, especially through the Belt and Road Initiative. The strategy, which revolves around the Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, aims to improve connectivity through trade and infrastructure projects.In May, President Xi Jinping and his Russian counterpart, Vladimir Putin, signed a joint declaration to coordinate development of the Chinese initiative and the Russia-led Eurasian Economic Union, a bloc established in 2015 that comprises Russia, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan.During the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum in June, Putin told Chinese media that the Belt and Road was an interesting strategy that had come at a good time, and all five EEU members had agreed to cooperate under the framework of the Silk Road Economic Belt.The positive signals from Moscow took some experts by surprise, since the projects were originally seen as potential competitors.To support the initiative, China established the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, pledging $100 billion, and the $40 billion Silk Road Fund to provide low-interest, long-term loans for development projects."Regional connectivity is the main objective," Kamel Mellahi, a professor of strategic management at Warwick Business School in the United Kingdom, says of the Belt and Road Initiative. "There’s little doubt it’s a win-win project for all the countries involved."Russia agrees. Now, more government officials and entrepreneurs are eager to participate in the Chinese strategy.Europlastic, which has seven factories across Russia making polymers, plastics and chemicals products, invested 250 million roubles ($4.3 million; 3.99 million euros; 3.44 million) in the Vladivostok plant. Eugene Belokurov, the plant’s general manager, says the facility has yet to turn a profit, but he believes that with technological support and financial investment from Chinese enterprises there is great potential.Such expectations are common among Russian companies that have started businesses in the country’s less-developed eastern areas - so much so that exploring cooperation with China has become a major task for local officials.Alexander Galushka, minister for development of the Russian Far East, says his country will play a vital role in coordinating development of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Belt and Road Initiative. Investment projects in the Russian Far East have attracted $16.9 billion, according to the ministry’s data. China accounts for 14.7 percent, with the money going toward cement plants, an oil refinery and road construction, as well as $1.2 million for a rivet manufacturing base in Khabarovsk, about 800 kilometers north of Vladivostok.The opportunities created by closer ties between the Belt and Road Initiative and the EEU should also interest European countries, he says, but the ongoing sanctions against Russia mean it will be hard for them to share the benefits.Joerg Wuttke, president of the European Union Chamber of Commerce in China, says Russian efforts to improve infrastructure along the Eurasian corridor would help Europe, not hurt it."The EU’s relationship with Russia will not change. Members have made it clear that sanctions will remain," he says. "It’s sad. There is a natural fit between Europe and Russia. For example, Europe has huge overcapacity in milk and Russia has a huge shortage of milk, but we cannot trade."Wu Fei, a Russian studies researcher at the Center for China and Globalization(CCG), a think tank, says even though the European economy will be affected by the United Kingdom leaving the EU, the bloc could still have a strong influence on cooperation between the EEU and the Belt and Road Initiatve.The two initiatives are complementary, he says. The biggest issue for the Chinese strategy is that there are not many investment projects along the Silk Road Economic Belt that can generate quick returns. However, there are plenty of opportunities in EEU countries.Experts believe Moscow is also hoping the coordination will lead to further cooperation agreements, such as a pan-Eurasian partnership with European nations.Chris Cheung, director of the EU SME Center, a think tank in Beijing, says China will be a key element if such a relationship is to be realized.Despite China’s economic slowdown, the EU’s interest in the Chinese market is still growing, not least because of central government policies aimed at stimulating domestic consumption to fuel growth, he says.China’s industrial supply chain is also being transformed, Cheung adds, meaning new technologies will be required to support advanced processes, whether that is machinery or internet software, creating opportunities for innovative European businesses.As an example of that, Wu cites investment projects in Yekaterinburg, such as a business park currently under construction that deliberately targets Chinese enterprises."If the Belt and Road Initiative and the EEU can establish dialogue mechanisms, as well as combine the manufacturing and consumption of several countries in an integrated strategic alliance, with China, Russia and Europe all involved, a real pan-Eurasian partnership could happen," he says. (Ren Qi)From China Daily, 2017-3-31
2017年4月5日 -
张蕴岭:“一带一路”与发展新理念
张蕴岭,中国与全球化智库(CCG)学术专家委员会专家,中国社会科学院学部委员。 中新网泉州3月31日电 (刘沛)31日,第十二届全国政协委员,中国社会科学院学部委员、国际研究学部主任张蕴岭做客“华大讲堂”第65讲,作《“一带一路”与发展新理念——学习2017年全国两会精神》专题报告。 “中国如何保持稳定发展,实现经济的转型升级,是目前国际国内最关注的问题。”张蕴岭首先解析今年“两会”所释放出的重要信号,“面对新的经济形势和特殊的国际环境,中国仍然坚持对内深化改革,对外扩大开放,将内外的发展整体结合,构建更加深刻全面的开放经济体制,建立更加紧密的国际经济联系。” “‘一带一路’是我国政府工作报告中十分重要的内容,也是我国经济发展中的重要组成部分。”张蕴岭指出,从建设“一带一路”的倡议提出以来,已经初见成效。大量沿线国家和地区组织,包括联合国大会及下属机构积极响应;成立亚投行、丝路基金开始运作;一大批国际合作建设项目启动。“一带一路”已成为一项重要的国际共识。 为什么要建设“一带一路”?张蕴岭表示,面对世界经济复苏缓慢,中国经济的发展转型不能再沿袭发达国家产业转移的传统路径,需要以创新发展拓展市场和投资,创建新动能。而陆地和海上的古丝绸之路曾是连接中国与外部世界的大通道,经过近代历史的殖民与战争,中国与外部的关系发生转变,与外部的联系并不通达。“一带一路倡议就是把中国与外部世界更紧密地连接起来,通过合作让他们发展起来,重建辉煌。” 张蕴岭指出,“一带一路”不仅仅解决的是经济问题,更是中国进一步扩大开放,拓展发展空间,推动国际间新型的发展合作,纠正国内、地区以及世界发展不平衡,做建设性新型大国的重要发展战略。因此,在“一带一路”建设发展的蓝图下,如何提出新理念,推动中国的发展,是十分重要的研究课题。 “‘一带一路’是一个巨大的空间,每个人都应该找准自己所处的位置。”张蕴岭对泉州市如何在“一带一路”建设的大蓝图中发展自身提出两点建议:本地的主要支柱产业应思考如何构建自身内部的创新能力,对外进一步拓展新型的经济关系,参与“一带一路”沿线国家当地经济,通过新型的联系拉动自身发展;打好优势文化牌,加强文化交流,展现泉州长久历史积淀下的“丝路精神”,让国内外了解泉州所体现出的多元、多样、和谐的东方思想。(完)文章选自中国新闻网,2017年3月31日
2017年4月5日 -
汪潮涌:中国距离硅谷只有一步之遥
理事简介汪潮涌,中国与全球化智库(CCG)副主席,信中利资本集团董事长。 新京报快讯(记者闫妍 实习生薛星星)“中国与硅谷只有一步之遥。一方面我们的创业领域和硅谷非常相似,另一方面是我们风投从规模到效益上也在疯狂追赶。”3月30日,在寻找中国创客第三季启动峰会上,信中利资本集团创始人兼董事长、中国创客导师汪潮涌在致辞中表示。 汪潮涌认为,全球IT新贵价值崛起的背后,最重要的推手就是风险投资。“硅谷每年的投资总额在700亿美金左右,投资的项目8000到1万个,投资的方向一半在科技领域,第二大是生物医学和医疗。” 而汪潮涌认为,中国在这几年风投成长得也非常快,可以说与硅谷只有一步之遥。“一方面我们的创业领域和硅谷非常相似,另一方面,我们风投从规模到效益上也在疯狂追赶”,汪潮涌说。 “今天来参加新京报的活动,我翻箱倒柜找到了我18年前在斯坦福买的浅色衣服,结果一试还行,身材没走样,创业18年,工龄30年,体重恒重。”汪潮涌开玩笑称。 汪潮涌表示,希望大家在创业投资的过程中,要注意自己的体值和颜值好。才能像巴菲特那样投资60年,“作为一个创业者、投资者来讲,18年体重没变,是我最值得自豪的一件事情。” 在投资风格上,汪潮涌表示自己从事金融投资30年,通常看项目是倒着看。“从资本市场回过头来看什么样的项目、什么样的团队、什么样的技术,什么样的商业模式能够创造价值,创造巨大的价值,创造可持续的价值。” 寻找中国创客是新京报发起的大型创投公益报道活动,邀请柳传志、王健林、马云、俞敏洪等导师为创客把脉,至今已举办两季。今日起,寻找中国创客第三季正式启动。文章选自新京报,2017年3月30日
2017年4月1日 -
郑永年:如何拯救中国的城市化
专家简介郑永年,中国与全球化智库(CCG)学术专家委员会主任,新加坡国立大学东亚研究所所长。总体上说,中国仍然处于从农业社会到工业社会的转型阶段,很多农村人口仍然向往城市生活,他们会继续以不同的方式走向城市。另一方面,中国初期爆发式的城市化高潮已经过去,今后需要追求的不再是数量意义上的城市化,而应当是质量城市化。 无论从经济增长还是现代化的角度来看,中国仍然需要城市化。今天,中国的经济下行还没有到底,下行的压力仍在增大,城市化需要大量投资,所创造的投资空间正是经济增长所需要的。尽管城市化不见得是为了国内生产总值(GDP),但城市化必然会带来GDP。从前以GDP主义为主导思想的城市化(尤其是大城市化)的确出现了大问题,但在任何意义上,这并不意味着城市化就不需要了。 在实际层面上,在今后很长的一段时间里,中国在城市化方面面临巨大的挑战。一方面,需要大力推进城市化,不仅仅是经济发展的需要,更是社会的需要。中国离发达国家的城市化水平还有14个百分点,即使在现有的城市人口中,还有10多个百分点的人口仍然是农民身份,这些人口都需要进一步的城市化来加以消化。 再者,总体上说,中国仍然处于从农业社会到工业社会的转型,很多农村人口仍然向往城市生活,他们会继续以不同的方式走向城市。另一方面,中国初期爆发式的城市化高潮已经过去,今后需要追求的不再是数量意义上的城市化,而应当是质量城市化。如何推进质量城市化呢?这要求人们更新城市化的思路。至少需要考量如下几个大的问题。 首先,从资源高度集中转型到资源相对分散。分散化当然不是说简单地在各个城市之间搞平均主义,而是要实现均衡的发展。现在优质资源过度集中,已经造成了很大的浪费,有些城市吃得太饱,而另一些城市停留在吃不饱的状态,至少可以把巨大的浪费这部分,转移到那些吃不饱的城市中去。 这方面可以从毛泽东时代的“三线计划”学到经验和教训。“三线计划”是计划经济时代政府通过行政手段,在不同区域之间分配经济资源。不管如何评说,“三线计划”对中国的工业从沿海到内地的扩展,起到了积极的作用。 如果仅仅让市场来发挥作用,中国的工业一直会集中在沿海的一些城市。同样,如果行政权力不介入,今天也很难在城市之间重新分配资源。实际上,优质资源集中在少数大城市本身,就是行政权力干预的结果。 这说明,资源的分散也同样要通过行政的干预。这需要一次新的“三线”建设计划。例如,完全可以把一些垄断性国有企业撤离一线城市,分散到全国的三、四线城市,这样可以加速三、四线城市化建设,同时缓解现在超大城市所面临的无穷的压力。须对城市进行结构性改革 要实现资源的有效分散,必须花大力气对城市进行结构性改革,也就是要处理好一线城市和二线、三线、四线城市之间的关系。既然一线城市已经发展过度,集中了太多的优质资源,造成了巨大的浪费,今后城市化的重点就需要放在二、三、四线城市和城镇,即二线+三线+四线+城镇化,资源需要大力向这些城市倾斜。 理想地说,应当取消城市的行政级别。城市行政级别的存在产生了很多问题。从资源配置来说,行政级别的存在大大加大了城市的分化,因此也是社会的分化。一个城市所能够获取的资源,取决于其行政级别,级别越高,其所能获得的资源就越多;反之,级别越低,其所能获得的资源就越少。如果行政级别不能取消,就要寻找以其他方式来改变资源分配方式。上面提到的把垄断性国有企业迁移到三线、四线城市是一个方法。 此外,优质学校(中学和大学)、研究院、医院、养老院等等机构如果不能迁移,也可以到三线、四线城市设立分支机构和分部。这些企业和组织现在已经是根深蒂固的既得利益,要把它们迁移到三、四线城市可能会遇到巨大的阻力。也就是说,毛泽东时代的那种大规模迁移到“三线”的方式已经行不通了。但是,可以设计新的方法来进行,要求这些机构在三线、四线设立分部,而工作人员可以在体制内循环。 例如,这些人仍然可以保留大城市的户口,也可以把家保留在大城市,但可以规定每隔几年需要到三、四线城市工作一段时间。当然,更可以鼓励那些自愿的员工去三、四线城市工作。在同一个省市自治区内部,一些可以加以分散的政府工作机构,也可以迁移到三线、四线城市。类似这样的方法,可以逐渐实现城市的均衡发展。 其次,实现从数量城市化到质量城市化的转型。一线城市尽管在数量上得到了快速发展,也集中了优质资源,但城市的基础设计仍然很脆弱。供暖系统、排水系统、防火系统、绿化等等方面仍然有巨大的改善空间。尤其是排水系统,很多城市一发大水,街道就变成了河流,经常给居民的生命财产安全构成威胁。社会服务类的空间更巨大,例如停车场、体育馆、幼儿园、养老机构等等严重缺失。没有足够的停车场,整个小区、街道变成了停车场,既不美观,也不安全。体育设施的缺乏,对人民的健康很不利。 在新加坡,每一小区都有停车场、体育馆、幼儿园等。这些机构既是政府向社会提供服务的平台,也是政府治理管理社会的平台。必须意识到,这些领域的建设可以消化大量的过剩产能,质量化城市建设,可以在促进经济发展的同时,大大提升城市的质量。 三线、四线的基础设施建设更为重要,更需要提到议事日程上来。老百姓拼命涌向大城市,就是因为大城市的基础设施优越,而大城市的人口不想到三线、四线城市工作,就是因为那里的基础设施实在太差。现在的三线、四线城市的基础设施,只是集中在少数几个领域,例如公路、高铁、桥梁、电力、煤气等。这些远远不够,这些城市需要好的医院、学校、养老院等等社会服务机构。三线、四线城市基础设施的提升,有助于人口从一线城市的转移和分散。 第三,重新设计城镇化思路和路径。从世界范围来说,城市化最终的结局是富人的乡下,穷人的城市。城市化到了65%至70%水平的时候,就会出现逆城市化现象,也就是城市居民尤其是富人和上层中产就想往乡村移动。在欧洲,大部分中产阶层居住在小乡镇上。例如,德国80%左右的人口居住在2万人左右的小镇。 中国尽管提出了城镇化战略,但思路并不符合城市化的规律。在中国,城镇化主要是为了解决农村人口进入城市的问题。因为不想让农民跑到大城市来,因此想通过小城镇建设把他们留在城镇。对地方政府来说,发展小城镇主要还是为了地方经济的发展和GDP的增长。应当说,解决农村人口问题的意向是正确的,但思路有待改进。 在世界范围内,城市平民都喜欢在交通便利的城市中心居住,甚至工作,因为这是省钱。在过去很多年里,一些城市政府在城市的边缘地带建了很多廉租房,但并不受城市平民欢迎,就是因为这个道理。乡镇对没有交通工具的农民来说没有多少吸引力。同时,如果乡镇让各级政府来建设,政府的财政负担会大大加重。乡镇所建设好的住房也不见得能够卖得掉,因为只有农民是消费者。 实际上,乡镇建设应当为中产阶层以上的人口做准备的,这个群体也应当是乡镇建设的主体。现在的问题是富人和城市上层中产阶层不被容许到乡镇建房,因为这涉及到乡镇的土地问题,往往是集体土地所有制。一个可以施行的办法,就是政府容许农民的宅基地进行自由流转和买卖,同时政府对乡镇住房建设进行严格的规划和规制。在这样的条件下,政府应当容许和鼓励富人和城市居民到乡镇建设自己的住房。仍有近5亿人口会生活在农村 更为重要的是要进行农村的现代化。中国的城市化即使达到发达国家70%的城市化水平,中国仍然有近5亿人口会生活在农村。而且这个庞大的群体中,很多不再是农民工一代、二代,而是三代之后的人口。他们当中很多可能在城市出生和生活,尽管保留着农民的身份,但已经很难再回到传统农村生活。 鉴于中国农村人口庞大,很难想象都可以被城市化,因此,农村的现代化不可避免。但农村的现代化必须建立在对农村的了解之上,不可一刀切。过去那种盲目地发展乡镇、把农民赶上楼的做法已经不合时宜,必须加以改变。一些大的村落可以建设成城镇,特色镇,而小的村落可以相对集中一些。 同时,和城市建设一样,农村的基础设施建设实在太落后了,需要大力加强。一些农民尤其是农民工二代回到农村之后,仍然想过城市那样的生活,但因为农村没有像城市那样的基础设施,因此自己动手造这些基础设施,例如卫生设施、暖气、空调等等。因为没有任何规制,往往造成土地的浪费、环境的污染和破坏。这和欧洲的乡村形成了鲜明的对比。 很显然,这应当是政府的责任,要让千千万万个体农民来承担这些责任几乎不可能。也应当认识到,农村的这些基础设施建设,也是经济发展的一部分。 和小城镇建设那样,也要通过农民宅基地的流转和买卖,容许和鼓励富人和城市中产阶层到农村购置房屋,到农村生活。改革开放以来,尽管各级政府也是重视农村发展的,但农村总体上一直处于衰落状态。主要的原因就是农村的发展是单向道,只有农民的流出,而没有城市人口的流入。 现在的一般情形是这样的:农民一旦有了钱,就想离开农村到城市购置房产;一旦有了机会,就会离开农村而去城市生活。因为人性所趋,这种局面今后不会得到改变。但同时,因为土地制度等政策因素的限制,城市人口几乎不可能回到农村,城市资本到不了农村。这样就造成了农村“只出不进”的局面,在“只出不进”的情况下,不管政府多么努力来发展农村,农村的衰败不可避免。 如果容许城市人口到农村生活,农村本身的经济结构和社会形态都会得到改变。为城市人口提供服务的服务业、学校、交通、通讯等马上会得到改变。这可以从欧美农村的发展获取有益的经验和教训。 总之,城市化不能光讲经济效益和工程的可能性,而是要有政治和社会大局。单纯经济因素主导的城市化,很难实现可持续发展,更回避了中国社会政治安全问题和国际层面的国家安全问题。 中国如果要继续推进城市化,首先必须总结以往GDP主义指导下城市化的经验教训,更新城市化的思路,重新设计城市化的方式和路径。只有这样,中国的城市化才会走上健康的道路,才是可持续的。文章选自联合早报网,2017年3月14日
2017年4月1日