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施一公演讲两则：研究型大学当推行“学不以致用”
专家简介施一公，全球化智库（CCG）学术委员会专家，清华大学副校长。要点 | 一分钟速读★ 研究型大学从来不以就业为导向，从来不该在大学里谈就业；鼓励科学家创办企业，则是把其才华和智慧用到了错误的地方。★ 我们缺什么，我们缺对时代的关切，对国家发展命运的思考，对改变这个社会的责任。来源： 财新网当所有精英都想干金融……如今我们的GDP已经全球第二，但是看技术革新和基础研究的创新能力，作为一个国家我们排在20名开外。 有的人或许会怀疑，认为我说的不对，会说我们都上天揽月、下海捉鳖了，怎么可能创新不够，我们都高铁遍布祖国大地了，怎么可能科技实力排在20名开外。我想说的是，你看到的指标和现象，这是经济实力决定的，不是科技实力决定的。我们占的是什么优势，我们占的是经济体量的优势。我在海外的时候，只要有人说我的祖国的坏话，我会拼命去争论，因为我觉得我很爱国。四月份，我在瑞典皇家科学院年会上领奖，晚宴时，与一位瑞典的知名教授聊天，谈到中国的科技发展，他很不屑一顾，我觉得很委屈、很愤懑，但是我轻描淡写地说了一句：不管怎么说，我们国家登月已经实现了，你们在哪儿？但他回敬了一句，让我说不出话。他说：施教授，如果我们有你们中国的经济体量，我们能把五百个人送到月球上并安全回来。 在国内，我觉得自己是个批判者，因为我很难容忍我们自己不居安思危。我们对国家的科技实力和现状应该有一个清醒的认识，怎么发展，怎么办也要有清醒的认识，并形成一定的共识，而不是仅仅停留在争论来争论去的层面。 首先我想讲，大学是核心。我想讲的第一个观点就是，研究型大学从来不以就业为导向，从来不该在大学里谈就业。就业只是一个出口，大学办好了自然会就业，怎么能以就业为目的来办大学。就业是一个经济问题，中国经济达到一定程度就会提供多少就业，跟大学没有直接关系。大学，尤其是研究型大学，就是培养人才的地方，是培养国家栋梁和国家领袖的地方。让学生进去后就想就业，会造成什么结果？就是大家拼命往挣钱多的领域去钻。清华70%至80%的高考状元去哪儿了？去了经济管理学院。连我最好的学生，我最想培养的学生都告诉我说，老师我想去金融公司。 不是说金融不能创新，但当这个国家所有的精英都想往金融上转的时候，我认为出了大问题。管理学在清华、在北大、在整个中国都很热，这是违背教育规律的一件事情。专科学校办学的理念，是培养专业人才，为行业输送螺丝钉，但大学是培养大家之才，培养国家各个行业精英和领袖的地方，不能混淆。 学不以致用。你们没听错，我们以前太强调学以致用。我上大学的时候都觉得，学某一门课没什么用，可以不用去上。其实在大学学习，尤其是本科的学习，从来就不是为了用。但这并不意味着用不上，因为你无法预测将来，无论是科学发展还是技术革新，你都是无法预测的，这个无法预测永远先发生，你预测出来就不叫创新。 大学里的导向出了大问题，那么怎么办？其实很简单，大学多样化，不要一刀切，不要每个学校都就业引导，每个学校都用就业这个指标考核，这对大学有严重干扰。 我对基础研究也有一个看法。我们国家非常强调成果转化，现在最常说的一句话就是“加强转化”。但我想问一句，转化从哪儿来。我们的大学是因为有很多高新技术没有转化成生产力呢，还是我们根本就不存在这些高新技术？我认为是后者。我们的大学现在基础研究能力太差，转化不出来，不是缺乏转化，是没有可以转化的东西。 当一个大学教授有了一个成果，无论是多么基础的发明，只要有应用前景和产业转化的可能，就会有跨国公司蜂拥而来，我就是个例子。我十四五年前，有个简单的、我自己都没意识到的发现，就被一家公司盯上了，主动来找我。这些公司就像那些禁毒的狗一样不停在闻，在看，在听，他们非常敏感，不可能漏掉一个有意义的发现。 压死骆驼的最后一根稻草是什么呢？是鼓励科学家创办企业。大家没听错，今年在人大会议我听到这个话后觉得心情很沉重。术业有专攻，我只懂我的基础研究，懂一点教育，你让我去做经营管理，办公司、当总裁，这是把我的才华和智慧用到了错误的地方。人不可能一边做大学教授，一边做公司的管理人员，一边还要管金融。我们应该鼓励科技人员把成果和专利转让给企业，他们可以以咨询的方式、科学顾问的方式参与，但让他们自己出来做企业就本末倒置了。 我可以举个例子，Joseph Leonard Goldstein因为发现了调控血液和细胞内胆固醇代谢的LDL受体，获得1985年的诺贝尔奖获。他是美国很多大企业的幕后控制者，包括辉瑞，现在非常富有，应该说是最强调转化的一个人。他两年之前在《科学》周刊上写了一篇文章，抨击特别强调转化。他说转化是来自于基础研究，当没有强大的基础研究的时候，如何能转化。他说，当他意识到基础研究有多么重要的时候，他就只是去做基础研究，转化是水到渠成的，当研究成果有了，自然转化是非常快的，不需要拔苗助长。他列举了他在美国国家健康研究中心，九位学医的学生做基础研究从而改变了美国医疗制药史的过程，很有意思。 我们一定要看看历史，不仅仅是中国现代史，也要去看科学发展史，看看各个国家强大的地方是如何起来的，而不是想当然地拔苗助长。 创新人才的培养，也与我们的文化氛围有关。当一个人想创新的时候，同样有这个问题。什么是创新，创新就是做少数，就是有争议。三年前，我获得以色列一个奖后应邀去以色列大使馆参加庆祝酒会，期间大使先生跟我大谈以色列人如何重视教育，我也跟他谈中国人也是如何重视教育。他笑眯眯地看着我说，你们的教育方式跟我们不一样。他给我举了原以色列总理Shimon Peres的例子，说他小学的时候，每天回家他的以色列母亲只问两个问题，第一个是今天你在学校有没有问出一个问题老师回答不上来，第二个你今天有没有做一件事情让老师和同学们觉得印象深刻。我听了以后叹了口气，说我不得不承认，我的两个孩子每天回来，我的第一句话就是问：今天有没有听老师的话？ 但我想说我并不是悲观，其实我很乐观，我每天都在鼓励自己，我们的国家很有前途，尤其是过去两年，我真切地看到希望。现在无论是在政治领域，还是在教育领域深层次的思考和变革，这个大潮真正的开始了。在这样的大潮中，我们每一个人做好一件事就够了，实事求是的讲出自己的观点，在自己的领域内做好自己的事情，就是我们的贡献。这样，我们的国家就会大有前途。 我们缺什么？ （吴杨奖）委员会希望我讲些励志方面的东西。其实昨天晚上我本来想写几句，但是看着窗外的雾霾，心情不好、写不出来，而且我也习惯即兴演讲，把自己的真心话说出来。 如果今天的演讲有一个标题的话，就是：我的科研动力。最近在网上看到一些关于我的微信，包括把高晓松先生和施一公的观点放在一起比较，评论我过去的一些经历。其实我很想告诉大家，实际的情况和这些评论是不一样的——可能你们会觉得比较意外，但是我确实从来没有觉得自己有任何特殊之处。我出生在河南郑州，但成长在河南省驻马店。为什么我要特别提驻马店呢？因为这个地方特别具有代表性。驻马店相对于河南，就像河南相当于中国，就像中国相对于世界。从地理，从经济，从科技，从文化，都是这样。我恰好是在开始有记忆、对社会有感触的时候成长在驻马店。 我在驻马店地区汝南县的一个小村庄──小郭庄──生活了三年多，然后在驻马店镇又生活了整整八年。我在驻马店度过了十一个春秋，这里有我人生中最亲切、最难忘的一段经历。虽然那里的生活一直很清苦，但心里一直很满足、很快乐。我在驻马店小学升初中的时候，当时的小学常识老师对我说了一句话：施一公啊，你长大了一定得给咱驻马店人争光！大家可能想不到，这句很简单的话我刻骨铭心记忆至今。从那以后，每次得到任何荣誉，我都会在心里觉得是在为驻马店人争光。 今天，我同样想说：老师您好！我还在为咱驻马店争光。我中学去了郑州，大学到了清华大学。我常常很想家、也很想驻马店的父老乡亲，止不住地想：我的父老乡亲在过什么样的生活？过什么样的日子？ 1987年的一件事对我冲击非常大，把我的生活和世界观几乎全部打乱了。在此之前，虽然我受到了传统教育，虽然我的父亲告诉我要做一个科学家、工程师，其实我心里并不知道自己将来想干什么、能干什么。1987年9月21日，我的父亲被疲劳驾驶的出租车在自行车道上撞倒，当司机把我父亲送到河南省人民医院的时候，他还在昏迷中，心跳每分钟62次，血压130/80。但是他在医院的急救室里躺了整整四个半小时，没有得到任何施救，因为医院说，需要先交钱，再救人。待肇事司机筹了500块钱回来的时候，我父亲已经没有血压，也没有心跳了，没有得到任何救治地死在了医院的急救室。这件事对我影响极大，直到现在，夜深人静时我还是抑制不住对父亲的思念。 这件事让我对社会的看法产生了根本的变化，我曾经怨恨过，曾经想报复这家医院和见死不救的那位急救室当值医生：为什么不救我父亲？但是后来想通了，我真的想通了：中国这么大的国家，这么多人，不知道有多少人、多少家庭在经历着像我父亲一样的悲剧。如果我真有抱负、真有担当，那就应该去改变社会、让这样的悲剧不再发生、让更多的人过上好日子。 直到父亲去世，我一直非常幸运。从小学就接受了很体面的教育，中学、大学更是如此，大家都很关照我；我不缺吃，不缺穿。我缺啥呢？我觉得我缺回报。父亲去世后，我真的开始懂事了，我发誓要照顾我的母亲，回报从小到大爱护、关心我的老师和父老乡亲。 2009年9月26日，我陪着母亲和姐姐回到了曾经生活3年半的小郭庄。我的母亲激动得老泪纵横，我也很感动；乡亲们对我们还像三十多年前那么热情，但我意外注意到，村里还没有自来水，家家户户还靠井水和压水；生活和学习的机会比城里人差远了。但乡亲们很满足、很快乐。我想念小时候的小伙伴们。2012年的清明节，我回驻马店参加小学同学聚会，很感慨。同班同学中两个已经不在了，一个患心血管疾病，另一个是癌症。当时还有一位同学在接受癌症晚期的化疗，现在也不在了。我常常想：同样是人，我真幸运，不愁吃、不愁穿，受过高等教育、出过国、留过学，拥有一份钟爱的工作；可是我们中国有很多人没有我这么幸运。我的父老乡亲和他们的孩子也没有我这么幸运。尽管他们不像我这么幸运，他们却一直很为我自豪，他们为我鼓劲。我有些地方和很多执着的科学家们不一样。哪点不一样？他们因为兴趣驱使在做科学研究。我有兴趣，但最初并没有那么强烈的兴趣做研究，我的兴趣是很晚才培养起来的，驱使我的更多的是责任和义务。我成长于驻马店，是地地道道的驻马店人，那里的邻里乡亲也从没有把我当外人，这种亲情常常让我感动；我想用自己的努力和创造回报我的父老乡亲，哪怕是取得成绩让他们为我骄傲呢。这是我从小受到的教育，我真的很感恩、想回报。 不知不觉间，我的观念似乎很落伍了。我想不明白当今的社会为什么会变得这样物欲横流，为什么这么多人会一致向钱看。人不是商品，人活一口气。当大学毕业生以收入为唯一衡量、把自己作价、选择出价稍微多一点的公司就业的时候，我真的是非常不理解，身边的世界变得陌生。我有时候想，是不是世界变化太快，我老了、真的跟不上趟儿了。我怎么就不理解，连我身边的人，连我一些同事、同学、朋友我都理解不了，我不知道这个社会怎么了，我们关注点太不可思议的狭窄了！中国真的有很多很多人不像我们一样幸运，他们很需要我们的帮助，需要每一个幸运的人关注他们的生存环境，需要我们今天在座的人一起努力。 我不希望自己的学生做形式化的社会实践，但很支持他们选择中国欠发达的地区去看看、去体验，比如去支教。在这儿我举一个支教的例子。2008年我全职在清华工作，我的一个本科生从陕西农村的一所希望小学支教回来。在我的办公室，他痛哭流涕。他说：施老师，您知道吗，尽管是希望小学，那里的孩子，从一年级到五年级，都很瘦，一天只有两顿饭，早上十点一顿，下午四点一顿。为啥？没钱！他们没有肉吃，只能吃饱两顿饭；他们早上不能起得太早，晚上又要尽量早点睡，因为要节省能量，要把能量用在上午十点到下午四点之间上课的时间。但他们都很满足、很开心…… 我不晓得，我们做基础研究的，我们能做什么，我们能改变什么。我受中国传统教育很深，作为一个敢担当的读书人，不仅应该风声雨声读书声，声声入耳，也需要家事国事天下事，事事关心。只可惜自己的时间精力实在太有限，总想找一些志同道合的朋友做点事情，总想有机会回家乡给父老乡亲做点什么。我挺惭愧的，其实我既没有照顾好我的母亲，也没有照顾好妻子和孩子。 我们缺什么？我们缺这份对社会的责任感，我们缺这份回报父老乡亲的行动。在清华大学，我每次给生命科学学院的新生做入学教育的时候，我都告诉他们：你千万不要忘了，你来到清华，你不止代表自己，不止代表你个人，你也同时代表一个村，一个县，一个地区，一群人，一个民族。你千万不要忘了，你肩上承担了这份责任。 我真的希望，不管是我自己，我的学生，还是我的同道，我们每个人真的要承担一点社会责任，为那些不像我们一样幸运的人们和乡亲尽一点义务。这是我除了对科学本身兴趣之外的所有动力，也是我今后往前走最重要的一点支撑。文章选自新华每日电讯，2017月8月19日
2017年8月25日 -
【China Daily】At the vanguard
Generation that took renewed university entrance exams has helped to push China’s great changesOne of the earliest signs of China’s reforms after the "cultural revolution" (1966-76) was the decision to reopen universities and to select students through a national exam, called the gaokao.Statue of former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in Shenzhen, Guangdong province. Deng was in charge of science and education, the areas that he saw as the key to the future of the country. Sun Yuchen / XinhuaIn 1977, Deng Xiaoping was not yet paramount leader of China, but was in charge, at his own request, of science and education, because he saw these areas as key to the future of the country.The re-establishment of the gaokao preceded the historic 3rd Plenary Session of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, in December 1978, which formally endorsed "reform and opening up".In only 40 years, China has advanced from being one of the poorest countries in the world to upper middle-income status. In terms of the human development index, which the United Nations uses to measure population health and education in addition to GDP, the nation has moved from far below the world average to significantly above. Life expectancy has reached 77 years, only a few years below that of the most-developed countries. Plus, near-universal literacy and primary education have been achieved. The number of Chinese enrolled in universities has gone up tenfold since the late 1990s.Students in Baokang, Hubei province, prepare for gaokao on June 4, only a few days before the exam. Photos Provided to China DailyCandidates for gaokao in Beijing say hello to their parents after the examination in Beijing this June. Zhu Xingxin / China DailyThe people who started university in 1977-79 are known as the "xinsanjie", the new three classes of students. Only about 4 percent of the test-takers were admitted to university (compared with 75 percent today, according to Xinhua), so they were a highly skilled and motivated group.They were also more diverse than current college students - many were older, some had very difficult experiences during the "cultural revolution", and a high percentage were children of farmers. Many of the group reached prominent positions in all walks of life and are now approaching retirement age. They lived through, and contributed to, the astonishing growth of the last 40 years. The most prominent of the xinsanjie is Premier Li Keqiang, who took the gaokao in 1977 and studied law at Peking University from 1977 to 1982.The Center for China and Globalization(CCG)’s session on the 40th anniversary of the gaokao resumption on JuneIn June, the Center for China and Globalization(CCG) in Beijing organized a conference at which many xinsanjie talked about their life experiences and about the future of China.Four major themes were prominent in the statements at the CCG conference and in interviews with China Daily.First, no one predicted at the start of the reform process just how hugely fundamental the changes would be. They all praised the model of economic reform that achieved this.But, second, speakers agreed that it is now time to enact more reforms to encourage innovation and entrepreneurship.Third, many speakers emphasized the "opening up" part of the reform - they believe that trade and interaction with other countries are crucial.Finally, many speakers stressed the need for educational reform designed to encourage the innovation needed for the new economy and to achieve fairness, especially for students from outside the major cities.The opportunity to take the gaokao was life-changing. Wang Huiyao, who was sent to work in the countryside during the "cultural revolution" and is now chairman of the CCG and counselor of the State Council, China’s Cabinet, says: "Initially we were told to root ourselves in the countryside. We thought it was for our whole life." He said that life was very hard, "but the smart ones learned something in the countryside".He adds: "The merit system started with the gaokao. Credentialing systems and professional rating systems impacted the whole society. Everyone knew ’I have to work hard’." He also stressed the importance of international contacts: "(About) 600,000 students now go out each year. This keeps China open. You see lots of company founders and venture capitalists who returned."Peng Kaiping, chairman of the department of psychology at Tsinghua University, took the gaokao in 1979 and attended Peking University. He says: "The young generation was exposed to new ideas and new information. This was the beginning of Chinese reform. This was a great period in Chinese history."Chen Yongjun, professor of management at Renmin University of China and an expert on the Belt and Road Initiative, graduated from high school in 1972 and worked at a power station for six years before the gaokao gave him the chance to go to Xiamen University. He says that academics who remained in China were once jealous of others with jobs in the West, but now those who remained in China are better off. He stressed that the past 40 years have changed the lives of individual people and admitted to being surprised that China has become the second-biggest economy in the world.Education reformsChanging the education system to encourage innovative thought and to equalize opportunities throughout the nation is a key goal of many xinsanjie.Tang Min, counselor of the State Council, says "educational reform should not be limited to the gaokao; the whole system needs reform. We need innovative students, and lifelong learning is very important."Shao Hong, a member of the Standing Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, says he is "proud of how the gaokao can facilitate mobility in society, but a disadvantage is that it forces students to memorize from a textbook."He argues that "it is hard to make the system fair. Every student wants to go to a famous university. They don’t want vocational education because it is not prestigious".Similarly, Tong Shijun, a philosophy professor at East China Normal University, says: "Working as a worker before going to university taught me to work hard and love science. It is important to emphasize the spirit of the craftsman. We should not stigmatize labor work."And Zhu Yongxin, also a member of the Standing Committee of the CPPCC, contrasts the situation in 1978 with now: "Teachers then were under pressure for the 11 years of the ’cultural revolution’, so they had a strong desire to learn new things. Young professors now are so burdened and the atmosphere is not as good. Now it is like primary school the teacher talks and the students listen."Lu Mai, secretary-general of the China Development Research Foundation, says: "The true meaning of reform and opening-up is to give people the freedom to make individual choices. When people quit education to be businesspeople, it proves they have choices."Zhao Shengchuan, dean of the School of Transportation and Logistics at the Dalian University of Technology, who took the gaokao in 1979, was from a small village in Hebei. He worries that people from the countryside now have fewer opportunities. "Of my 30 or 31 classmates at Beijing Jiaotong University, more than half were from the countryside. Now, most university students are from rich, urban families."He also argues that China needs to adapt its educational system to the new economy: "We need to restructure the educational system using case studies and interactive learning. The whole education system needs reform - universities can do only so much. We need to teach students to capture knowledge, work in teams and deal with others - real skills that will be used after graduation."Similarly, Ning Bin, president of Beijing Jiaotong University, questions whether his generation really did fulfill its obligations to the country. "The gaokao for the most part is good, but we have a burden of figuring out how to shape students to be more innovative," he says.Foreigners, tooThere were also some foreigners who went to university in China during those years and chose to build their lives in China. China Daily interviewed Jaime FlorCruz of the Philippines, who attended Peking University from 1977 to 1981 and later was CNN’s longtime chief correspondent in China. Ashok Pandey, from Nepal, attended Tsinghua University in the same years and is now vice-president for Nvidia APAC Operations. Roberta Lipson, from the United States, did not attend university in China, but has been an entrepreneur in Beijing since 1979 and is the founder and president of United Family Hospitals.FlorCruz was an anti-Marcos activist in Manila who traveled to China in 1971 with a group of other Filipinos for an educational political tour. While FlorCruz was in China, Marcos declared martial law in the Philippines. Since they could not return home, the group of Filipinos volunteered to work on a farm in the countryside of Hubei province.He says that the serious debates about the future of China were a highlight of his life: "My time at Peking University was one of the best times of my 40-plus years in China. China was already beginning to change, so I saw the before and I saw the after. It was a very vibrant period - not just on campus, but outside the campus."The best part was that I got to meet and study with this cohort from the classes of 1977, ’78, and ’79 - a very special group of people. Many of them had shared the same kind of social experiences of going down to the countryside for a few years or working in factories or serving in the army. They were very mature, very driven, very serious in their studies."Also, they had a historic mission to change China. The best part was the debates about how to change. We were discussing not just our textbooks but, especially outside the classrooms, we were discussing the big-picture questions."Describing his experiences in China, Ashok Pandey says: "I came to China when I was very young. China is the country where I really grew up and started to learn about the world. At that time, there were not a lot of foreigners living in China. Wherever I went, people were very nice and sincere, and they were willing to offer their help. I love this country, and I love people here. Chinese culture has become my nature."I appreciate what I’ve learned, what I’ve experienced, and the people I’ve got to know here. I feel like one of them. It is also about the opportunity in a place I think I can realize my full potential."As a senior executive in the tech industry, he sees the country’s huge progress in innovation. "China is already a leader in innovation, especially in the artificial intelligence area. It is now the world’s leading country in terms of papers published on AI and just behind US in respect to registering patents. This know-how and eagerness to embrace AI will propel China to the forefront of business and technology. They are also leading in super-computing. Combining AI with supercomputing will take them far ahead."Roberta Lipson says that after she first arrived in Beijing in 1979, she was required to live for years in a hotel for foreigners and saw few choices for goods or food in Beijing. "If you could go back in a time machine to 1979 and tell people what Beijing is like today, both from a material perspective and in terms of cultural richness, as well as the cosmopolitan nature of the city, nobody would believe you."I could not have envisioned what Beijing would be like," she says. "I’m tremendously optimistic going forward. I’m very proud of the development that has happened in China. I’m so fortunate to have been a firsthand witness to it, and I’m proud to have had my small part to play on the healthcare side. Recently, I’ve been granted a green card (permanent residence status). I consider Beijing my home and an integral part of my identity, and I’m proud that has been recognized."Chen Aimin, an economist who is now president of Xi’an International University, took the gaokao in 1978 and attended Sichuan University. Describing the growth of the past 40 years, she says: "It was an unprecedented miracle. I had no imagination about what things would be like 10 to 20 years later. Not in my wildest dreams did I think Chinese people would be so rich. China’s stable economic achievement over a long time is unprecedented. We have a stable society, low crime and a low unemployment rate."She poetically sums up the achievement and the challenges of the Chinese economy: "After spending 22 years studying and as an economics professor in the US, I came back to work in China because I saw a forest of vitality. Inside the forest, I saw that some trees were really ill, but we are working on those trees. I feel this forest is still quite healthy, and I’m confident the ill trees will be cured." (By David Blair)From China Daily ，2017-8-11
2017年8月25日 -
【新浪网】对话王辉耀：特朗普要查中美贸易 打的什么算盘
华盛顿时间8月14日，美国总统特朗普正式在白宫签署总统备忘录，要求美国贸易代表莱特希泽（ Robert Lighthizer）调查所谓“中国迫使在华经营的美国企业转移知识产权的贸易行为”及对美国商业及就业的影响。特朗普为何这个时候开展对华贸易调查，此举将对中美贸易、中美关系造成何种影响，解决中美贸易“不平衡”的出路到底是什么？新浪国际自媒体联盟成员“文晶Talk”对话全球化智库（CCG）理事长、商务部经贸政策咨询委员会专家王辉耀。 文晶Talk：特朗普为何选择这个时候开展对中国贸易的调查？ 王辉耀：特朗普从参选开始就对中美贸易有很大不满，美国对中国有三千多亿的逆差，而且不可持续。今年六月习特会上中国提出通过一些方式来解决这个问题，当时效果不错，关系得到缓和。中美百日谈放开了牛肉对华的出口，美国visa和master card也可以到中国使用。 但特朗普是一个商人，在这个方面吃亏的话，一定想办法这个便宜占回来，而且特朗普不光针对中国市场，他也骂日本、德国，也在和加拿大、墨西哥这些贸易有顺差的国家谈。 之前特朗普迟迟没有行动主要是因为在朝核问题上，美国还需要中国的帮助。但是朝核问题一直没有进展，而且越来越紧张，特朗普在美国国内面临着压力，他上台七个月了，必须拿出一些成绩。前两天中美最高领导人通电话确定特朗普将访华，在访华前，特朗普希望争取更多筹码。 另外中国目前所处的国际环境并不好，中国跟印度、南海还处在紧张态势。特朗普看重现在这样一个时机，对中国进行一定程度施压。 文晶Talk：“301法案”允许美国总统以单边制裁的方法来保护美国免收外国不公平贸易伤害。有资料显示，这个法案已经很长时间没有用过。特朗普此时启动这一法案，会对中美贸易造成什么样的影响？ 王辉耀：肯定会造成巨大的影响，中国是全球化最大的支持者和推动者，全球化主要是经济全球化，说白了就是贸易和投资。如果美国发出这样的信号，欧洲再发出信号，对中国发起反倾销和高额关税，中国经济马上会受到很大打击。中美之间的贸易战是两败俱伤的，虽然美国会有所损失，杀敌八百自伤一千，但是美国比中国财大气粗，底子要比中国厚的多。如果真正进入贸易战，美国承受能力比中国强。美国经历过金融危机，但中国没有。中美关系，实际上是整个全球化战略上最核心的关系，是不能出问题的。目前中美之间三千多亿美元的顺差，换算成人民币2万亿，这是个很大的数，而且直接影响就业，直接影响中国国民经济。并且，中美贸易作为中美关系压舱石，一旦不稳，也会引起其他矛盾，引发更大的负面效应。 文晶Talk：特朗普这个时候对中国的施压，是否与这段时间朝核事态升级，比如金正恩扬言发射导弹到关岛有关？ 王辉耀：我觉得有，特朗普一直在等中国对朝核问题采取行动，但好像没有起太大作用，所以特朗普会在这个问题不断对中国施压。我这次去延吉中朝边境，中国已经在朝鲜问题做了很大让步，包括取消海产品、农产品进口，势必会对当地经济产生巨大影响。 文晶Talk：那么在您看来，中美之间有什么办法可以解决当前的贸易问题？ 王辉耀：中美之间现在有很多值得合作的地方，第一，基础设施领域。中国的基础设施达到最好的水平，正好美国也缺乏资金。特朗普推出几万亿的基础设施计划还未得到落实。中国有资金和设备，在基础设施方面，可以跟美国很好地弥补。 第二，能源。中国是世界上进口石油第一位的国家，也开始购买美国的石油。美国是一个产油大国，页岩气开发后，能源出口是富余的，中国可以更多进口美国的能源产品，包括天然气，这样可以减少一部分不平衡。 第三，高科技产业。目前，硅谷的高科技公司进入中国比较困难，比如像谷歌、安卓系统、无人汽车，进入中国是受阻的，这也是美国不满意的方面。另外金融行业也可以适当开放，比如现在中国不用信用卡，而是用微信、支付宝来支付，银行业开始做适当开放，允许美国的信用卡进入。 第四，制造业。曹德旺的福耀公司在美国投资了10亿美元，创造了三千个工作机会。类似大曹德旺、小曹德旺这样的企业很多，中国的企业正在经历升级换代，如果劳动力成本和人员成本在美国价格差不多的话，我更愿意到美国建厂，更接近于市场，服务于上下游的客户。 我们找到中美贸易经济共赢的方向，就是说，在其它增量上多下功夫，在存量上减少赤字，还是可以做很多的事。文章选自新浪网，2017年8月15日
2017年8月25日 -
【中国新闻网】国务院侨办专家咨询委员会在京成立
中新社北京8月22日电 (付强 马秀秀)中国国务院侨办专家咨询委员会大会22日在京开幕。国务院侨办党组书记许又声在会上宣读了《国务院侨办关于成立国务院侨办专家咨询委员会的决定》(下称“决定”)。 决定指出，为汇聚华侨华人高层次专业人士和海内外涉侨相关领域的智慧和力量，服务国家创新发展和侨务工作的科学发展，国务院侨办决定成立专家咨询委员会。 国务院侨办专家咨询委员会下设政策法规、经济科技、华文教育、文化传媒四个分委员会，拟聘请丁肇中、朱经武、邓文中、王辉耀、庄国土、郑晓瑛、王超群等280位华侨华人高层次专业人士和涉侨相关领域专家学者担任委员，任期4年。 决定明确了专家咨询委员会的主要职责，即紧密联系华侨华人高层次专业人士和涉侨相关领域专家学者，发挥多学科、宽领域、专业化优势，开展交流合作、积极建言献策，为促进国家创新发展和侨务工作科学发展提供智力支撑。 开幕式期间，国务院侨办、北京市有关部门负责人还为委员代表颁发了聘书。文章选中国新闻网，2017年8月22日
2017年8月25日 -
李稻葵：未来消费是新趋势更是一场革命
李稻葵，全球化智库（CCG）学术委员会专家，清华大学中国与世界经济研究中心主任。 从2007年开始到现在，整整10年间，中国经济已经发生了结构的剧变，可以称之为“静悄悄的革命”。 经济结构最基本的结构是资本跟劳动力相对稀缺程度的比例，这个已经发生了剧变。10年前，中国相对而言还是劳动力比较充足、资本相对短缺的经济体。2007年是个拐点，消费占GDP比重是过去30年来最低的，2007年后开始出现上行的变化。2008、2009年，基本上同样的时间段，劳动收入占GDP的比重开始上升，工资收入在整个初次分配中的比重上升。 这也意味着，劳动力和资本相对短缺的程度发生剧变。劳动力从2007年开始变得珍贵而稀缺。工资开始上涨，而且增长速度超过民营GDP。同时，城市劳动力、产业劳动力大军增长速度开始放缓，老百姓的初次分配开始改善，以劳动力挣钱的人的收入速度加快，这是革命性的变化。这个变化带来的后果是消费的上升。为什么？因为中国社会的消费主力是中低端收入水平的打工族。这些消费人群就看工资涨得快不快。只要工资涨得快，消费就涨得快；如果工资超过GDP增长速度，消费也就超过GDP的速度。因此，这场世界性的革命，正影响未来30年的收入分配大格局。 消费本身也酝酿着一场革命。消费的增长速度非常迅猛，刚好又遇上了以互联网、数据科技、人工智能为代表的各种新科技形态。新科技和消费增长共同带来了消费革命，尤其是零售端的革命。 整个消费的链条都在经历一场技术的革命，这个过程需要批发、物流、零售、售后服务共同更新。但我认为，这里存在两个误区：首先，我不认为这场科技革命在消费领域或者零售领域就是降低成本。这场消费革命表现在零售业不仅仅是降成本，更多是带来了对消费者认可的提升，消费满足感的提高。因此，新的零售革命并不完全是降低成本。无人商店、无人零售如果仅仅是为了降成本，恐怕这个游戏就错了。无人商店一定是能够给消费者提供比有人商店更好的福利和帮助，比如真正做到24小时不停业，提供更多元化的服务，从而使消费者有更多的满足感。 其次，我认为新零售革命和传统零售不是外界认为的替代、竞争的关系。假如无人商店能给我更多体验，我相信无人商店和有人商店可以并存。有人商店里可以问个路，甚至晚上睡不着觉跟他去聊聊天；无人商店可以让我精准知道有没有货。所以，新的零售和传统零售不是简单的替代关系，而是长时间内以共同生存、共同发展、互为补充的形态并存。 我坚信，未来20年的消费是新趋势，更是一场革命。这场革命与科技革命结合在一块，将在全球范围内成为我们拿出手的、值得骄傲的新亮点。文章选自中国社会科学网，2017年8月23日
2017年8月24日 -
金灿荣：金砖国家成全球治理重要平台
金灿荣，全球化智库（CCG）学术委员会专家，中国人民大学国际关系学院副院长、教授、外交学专业博士生导师。 中国人民大学国际关系学院副院长金灿荣在第四届金砖国家经济智库论坛的研讨环节指出，金砖国家合作和“一带一路”是全球经济脱困的新办法。 他谈到，在很长一段时间，美国、欧洲、日本在全球治理的供给上是起作用的。现在全球治理的供给方出问题了，供给下降需求上升，这个时候就需要有一些新的办法，发挥金砖平台的作用是一个办法，另外一个办法就是“一带一路”。“一带一路”是公共的产品，它的性质是一个公共平台，从全球治理赤字的角度来讲，我们有更多里有去做好这两件事。虽然“一带一路”还有金砖国家合作困难重重，但稳扎稳打成功的希望还是很大。 金灿荣同时建议中国第一要加强与美国的合作，第二要联手欧盟，借助先进的技术含量、管理经验，共同做好这两件事。文章选自思客，2017年5月26日
2017年8月24日 -
【China Daily】Wang Huiyao: Exam’s resumption was start of a new era
Wang Huiyao, president of the Center for China and Globalization(CCG) and vice-chairman of the China Western Returned Scholars Association/Chinese Overseas Students Association.It symbolized how people could change their destiny with the power of knowledge and created a glimmer of hope for all studentsChina will mark the 40th anniversary of reform and opening up later this year. As a matter of fact, the real starting point of China’s reform and opening-up policies was the national college entry examination in the winter of 1977, the first after university education was reinstalled.Deng Xiaoping proposed two historic policies after he returned to office in 1977-resumption of the national college entrance examination, or gaokao, and the dispatch of Chinese students abroad. The former measure, in particular, was crucial to cultivating talent and intellectuals needed for China’s reform and modernization. The reopening of college doors after over 10 years of closure brought a life-changing opportunity to students then.The resumption of the gaokao symbolized the arrival of a new era in which the value of knowledge and talent would be highly respected and appreciated. It also meant the transition of China from chaotic to stable, where people were able to change their destiny with the power of knowledge. The resumption of the gaokao created a glimmer of hope for all Chinese students and had a profound impact on national development. More significant, it served as a prelude to the unveiling of the reform and opening policies and put in place a system to cultivate talent to ensure their successful implementation.The class of ’77, ’78 and ’79 can be called the generation of China’s reform and opening-up policies, because their destiny being closely bonded with this historic turning point. They have witnessed, experienced and implemented China’s reform and opening-up policies and safeguarded the achievements and progress. They have made every endeavor and seized every opportunity to fulfill the responsibilities and ambition that befell their generation, and passed on an invaluable intellectual heritage to younger generations.Hence, the Class of ’77,’78, and ’79, as a group of people with a unique experience and role in China’s society, deserve more attention and research by our think tanks. The book, The Reform Generation - Generation of China’s Reform and Opening up, is not only a recollection and commemoration, but also reflection and impartment.This year marks the 40th anniversary of the resumption of the gaokao. Also, China’s reform and opening-up policies will enter the 40th year of implementation.The past four decades have witnessed the most dramatic changes that took place in China, from a country whose national economy was on the verge of collapse to the world’s second-largest economy, the largest trading nation, the largest source of international tourists and students. China’s overseas direct investment has already surpassed its foreign direct investment and the country has become a net investor.With the introduction of the Belt and Road Initiative by President Xi Jinping, China is becoming a new engine that pushes globalization forward. With all the resources and achievements in the past 40 years pooled in this effort, China will create another splendid milestone in its modern history. However, it remains a question whether this milestone will be fleeting like a shooting star, or be followed by the rise of a great power in the real sense. The key to this question still lies in the reform and opening-up policies.The personal experiences of the reform and opening up of a generation are valued as the eternal wealth of this era. Listening to their voices and reviewing their experiences are important to promote the spirit of reform and opening-up. Individual experiences might be more riveting and clear than a summary of abstract contemporary events in the long run.Undoubtedly, education is the one of the pillars for a country. One of the most important tasks of China’s reform lies in the college entrance examination system and the education system. Gaokao reform was actually the beginning of China’s reform and opening-up. However, we nowadays still face issues such as how to further promote reform and openingup, how to improve university education, the college entrance examination system and talent mechanism, and how to participate in globalization.Since the beginning of the 21st century, China has made cultivation of talent a priority of the nation. President Xi has also pointed out that human resources’ characteristics and role is the first resource of economic and social development. Competition for talent has become the core of comprehensive national strength.Furthermore, we hope that the spirit of the "reform and opening-up generation" plays a constructive role in the process of innovation and development during the era of globalization.From China Daily，2017- 8-11
2017年8月24日