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王柏年:将慈善和教育理念传承百年
王柏年,柏年基金会主席,中国与全球化智库(CCG)咨询委员会常务理事。 人物简介王柏年,1952年出生于上海,5岁随全家迁居香港,18岁赴美留学,20岁移民加拿大。美加地区专业注册工程师,后于加拿大政府阿尔伯塔省政府的经济发展部担任局长。自1986年担任北美永新能源有限公司总裁至今,专注于中石油、中石化、中海油等机构集团的资金技术合作。基于个人对文化艺术及慈善事业的热爱,王柏年出资在北京注册成立“北京柏年公益基金会”。王柏年现为中国与全球化智库(CCG)常务理事。 母亲的嘱托,加上个人穿梭于中西文化半生有逾的商业经历,王柏年深刻地体会到:艺术带给生命无限快乐,慈善则赋予心灵的净化。真正的贵族,就是要包含 3方面的追求:文化的熏陶、社会的责任、以及自由的灵魂。 基于这种理念,2013 年,王柏年创立北京柏年公益基金会,致力于在中国资助贫困落后的教育,并向世界宣传推广中国的艺术与文化。柏年公益基金会的项目包含大学生助学金、为中国而读、爱我中华-版画传播 、助残计划、美术室等五大类。 作为“百万个梦想,百万个冠军”的项目部分,基金会迄今已向中国内地超过 697 所贫困中小学校捐助了图书 以及教学设备,已让超过30万学生受益。在众多知名高校(中国农业大学,中国石油大学,复旦大学,北京师范大学等)设立助学金。并计划再捐助 2000 所学校阅读室,让百万学生读课外书的梦想。在大学,北京柏年公益基金会秉持着“授人与鱼,不及授人与渔”的原则,以设立助学金项目为基础,每年都到校园开展与学生的交流对话,关心和激励他们的学习和生活。王柏年和同事们一直在努力传达并激励中国年轻的学生们建立智慧、正能量、创造力、国际化视野的人生观和世界观。 “我们活着的这个世界和国家并非无暇美好,但我们坚信,如果能让资源匮乏的孩子获得所需机会,他们在取得成功后,能以更好的乐观精神和同情去回报社会和国家,让世界变得更加美好。” 王柏年如是说。 同时,基于王柏年个人在中国版画艺术方面的海量收藏,柏年基金会迄今已出版《爱我中华-中国版画藏品集》三册。作为基金会艺术传播的重要部分,目前为止北京柏年公益基金会已向包括哈佛大学、牛津大学、东京大学及古根海姆美术馆在内的超过 200 所知名文化艺术机构以及大学捐赠了大量的相关艺术品及画册。 在推广中国艺术和加深中西方相互理解领域,王柏年选择了中国版画这个载体。在他看来,版画源自中国,有2000 多年历史,是代表中国文化最佳载体之一。“虽然中国的经济崛起令人刮目相看,但过去百年中国在文化软实力方面的困惑却并未消除。正如国家主席习近平指出的,中华传统文化是我们最深厚的软实力。” 正因此,柏年公益基金会在出版版画藏品集之外,多年来完成了向国际顶尖大学、艺术机构的艺术作品捐赠,并陆续向中外知名机构、友人赠送画册。王柏年坚信,保持开放心态,尊重并拥抱多样性的世界,是不同文明历史更和谐共处的前提,而介绍民族优秀的文化艺术,是让世界了解我们对祖国的爱及对中华民族文化自信和骄傲的最佳方式。王柏年,柏年基金会主席,中国与全球化智库(CCG)咨询委员会常务理事。 人物简介王柏年,1952年出生于上海,5岁随全家迁居香港,18岁赴美留学,20岁移民加拿大。美加地区专业注册工程师,后于加拿大政府阿尔伯塔省政府的经济发展部担任局长。自1986年担任北美永新能源有限公司总裁至今,专注于中石油、中石化、中海油等机构集团的资金技术合作。基于个人对文化艺术及慈善事业的热爱,王柏年出资在北京注册成立“北京柏年公益基金会”。王柏年现为中国与全球化智库(CCG)常务理事。 母亲的嘱托,加上个人穿梭于中西文化半生有逾的商业经历,王柏年深刻地体会到:艺术带给生命无限快乐,慈善则赋予心灵的净化。真正的贵族,就是要包含 3方面的追求:文化的熏陶、社会的责任、以及自由的灵魂。 基于这种理念,2013 年,王柏年创立北京柏年公益基金会,致力于在中国资助贫困落后的教育,并向世界宣传推广中国的艺术与文化。柏年公益基金会的项目包含大学生助学金、为中国而读、爱我中华-版画传播 、助残计划、美术室等五大类。 作为“百万个梦想,百万个冠军”的项目部分,基金会迄今已向中国内地超过 697 所贫困中小学校捐助了图书 以及教学设备,已让超过30万学生受益。在众多知名高校(中国农业大学,中国石油大学,复旦大学,北京师范大学等)设立助学金。并计划再捐助 2000 所学校阅读室,让百万学生读课外书的梦想。在大学,北京柏年公益基金会秉持着“授人与鱼,不及授人与渔”的原则,以设立助学金项目为基础,每年都到校园开展与学生的交流对话,关心和激励他们的学习和生活。王柏年和同事们一直在努力传达并激励中国年轻的学生们建立智慧、正能量、创造力、国际化视野的人生观和世界观。 “我们活着的这个世界和国家并非无暇美好,但我们坚信,如果能让资源匮乏的孩子获得所需机会,他们在取得成功后,能以更好的乐观精神和同情去回报社会和国家,让世界变得更加美好。” 王柏年如是说。 同时,基于王柏年个人在中国版画艺术方面的海量收藏,柏年基金会迄今已出版《爱我中华-中国版画藏品集》三册。作为基金会艺术传播的重要部分,目前为止北京柏年公益基金会已向包括哈佛大学、牛津大学、东京大学及古根海姆美术馆在内的超过 200 所知名文化艺术机构以及大学捐赠了大量的相关艺术品及画册。 在推广中国艺术和加深中西方相互理解领域,王柏年选择了中国版画这个载体。在他看来,版画源自中国,有2000 多年历史,是代表中国文化最佳载体之一。“虽然中国的经济崛起令人刮目相看,但过去百年中国在文化软实力方面的困惑却并未消除。正如国家主席习近平指出的,中华传统文化是我们最深厚的软实力。” 正因此,柏年公益基金会在出版版画藏品集之外,多年来完成了向国际顶尖大学、艺术机构的艺术作品捐赠,并陆续向中外知名机构、友人赠送画册。王柏年坚信,保持开放心态,尊重并拥抱多样性的世界,是不同文明历史更和谐共处的前提,而介绍民族优秀的文化艺术,是让世界了解我们对祖国的爱及对中华民族文化自信和骄傲的最佳方式。文章选自《中国与全球化智库》9月刊,作者为CCG编辑部,转载请注明出处。
2015年10月12日 -
郑永年:TPP很难让美国人受益
长达五年之久的TPP谈判终于达成协议。尽管协定尚需要得到相关成员国国内的认可,但这项涉及美国、日本、澳大利亚、加拿大等12个国家和地区,涵盖全球40%的经济产出的贸易协定势必会对全球经济带来影响,进而影响到全球地缘政治。郑永年教授的这篇文章帮助我们理解TPP将带来的震荡。 有关TPP(跨太平洋伙伴关系协定)谈判,尤其是美国和日本的谈判的任何进展,经常成为本区域人们的关切。 人们一直把TPP作为一种国际贸易和投资形式,一种比世界贸易组织[微博](WTO[微博])更高标准的形式。因此,人们总是算计着加入TPP能够为国家带来多少的经济收益;如果被排挤在TPP之外,国家又会遭受多少经济收益。再者,人们也注意到了TPP所隐含着的地缘政治和战略考量。像越南、马来西亚那样的发展中国家被包括在内,而作为世界上第二大经济体的中国则处于TPP之外。这里主要大国,尤其是美国的地缘政治和战略的考量是显见的。因此,也不难理解,中国不仅要担忧TPP所带来的经济贸易影响,而且更是其所带来的地缘政治影响。 其实,人们可以从更深层次来思考TPP这样的贸易投资形式,提出类似这样的问题:从非经济的角度来看,TPP是什么、它的实现会对当地社会带来什么影响?跳出简单的投资贸易方式,人们不难发现,形成中的TPP实际上是一种新型的资本运作方式,一种超越主权国家的资本运作方式。可以预见,一旦成功运行,TPP意味着一个新型资本帝国的形成。这个资本帝国和现在的资本全球化不同,是一个更高层次的资本帝国,也就是超越民族国家、不受民族国家影响或者有能力逃避民族国家影响的资本帝国。 资本主义作为一种制度形式源于西方,自西方扩展到非西方世界。尽管非西方世界包括中国,传统上也有些资本主义因素的产生,但资本从未形成过一个自主的制度。从西方资本主义演变的历史来看,简单地说,资本已经走过了两个大的历史阶段,现在要步入第三个历史阶段。第一阶段是民族统一市场的形成阶段;第二阶段,是世界统一市场形成阶段;第三阶段则是今天的资本帝国阶段。就资本和国家政权的关系来说,在第一阶段,资本依靠政权力量而形成统一国家市场;在第二阶段,资本依然依靠主权国家在国际舞台上扩张;而现在的第三阶段,资本则试图建立自己的帝国,趋向于超越民族国家、脱离民族国家的控制。 在每一个阶段,资本运作方式的变化会深刻影响资本和政治的关系,从而是政府和社会的关系。在第一阶段,也就是西欧资本主义的早期阶段,资本和国家力量互相支持。在罗马帝国解体之后,欧洲就不再存在统一的政治力量。城市国家自下而上产生,而统治城市的则是商人。国王需要扩张其统治地域,而资本需要扩张其市场,两者具有高度的一致的目标。资本出钱,帮助国王统一国家,同时也依靠政治力量形成了统一的民族市场。民族国家统一市场的形成,是西方资本主义的第一阶段。 在第二阶段,资本在国内市场开始饱和,过剩的资本需要走出国门,开拓海外市场。这直接导致了帝国主义体系的形成。帝国主义强调的往往是资本和商品的输出,和对非西方世界的资源的掠夺和劳动力的剥削。作为帝国主义核心的殖民地主义,更是西方资本主义对非西方世界的直接统治。帝国主义和殖民地主义的历史是血淋淋的历史。西方自由主义一直相信比较优势和自由贸易,但历史的事实根本不是这样。帝国主义往往动用国家的力量,用枪炮打开非西方世界的大门。去资本“主权国家化” 随着反殖民地运动的崛起,西方资本对非西方世界的关系也开始“文明化”。第二次世界大战之后有了比较大的转变,最终形成类似于世界银行[微博]、世界贸易组织、国际货币基金等国际组织。这些组织都是西方资本和本国政府协调的产物,意在协调西方资本的行动。这些组织的形成,一方面使得西方资本更加有效地扩展到非西方国家,得到更安全的制度性保护;另一方面使得资本的行为更加具有软性,即“文明”。很显然,在这个阶段,西方主权国家仍然扮演着重要的角色。 资本现在进入第三阶段,主要的特征是去资本“主权国家化”,实现资本本身的自主性和自治性,形成不受主权国家控制的资本帝国。资本帝国的形成起始于上世纪80年代开始的经济全球化。如同从前的全球化,这波全球化也是资本促动的,主权国家在背后支持。形成这波资本全球化的原因,除了资本逐利的本质之外,至少还有如下一系列因素。 首先是西方大众民主对本国资本的影响。二战之后,随着大众民主化时代的到来,选票决定政治权力,西方福利得到了快速的扩张。福利的扩张表明对资本的高税收,而高税收意味着资本必须为社会作出更大的贡献(牺牲)和低收益。正如一些观察家所早已指出的,通过全球化,资本可以逃避本国的高税收。 其次是资本通过全球化逃避本国的规制。二战以来,西方普遍形成了规制型政府,对资本的运作进行各种形式的详细规制。对资本的规制也就是节制,有效地限制了资本的运作空间。这导致了资本很大的不满。1980年代英国和美国开始的“新自由主义经济革命”的核心,就是给企业(资本)“松绑”,即大大减少甚至取消对企业的规制(de-regulation)。2008年开始的全球金融危机,和西方新自由主义减低经济规制是直接关联的。 其三是工业资本主义转型成为金融资本主义。以制造业为主体的工业资本需要主权空间,具有主权国家边界,但金融资本则没有边界,或者不需要民族国家这个边界。西方金融经济本来是为实体经济服务的。但也是从上世纪80年代开始,金融经济开始脱离实体经济,本身成为一个自主的经济系统。而包括信息技术和互联网在内的高技术发展,更强化了金融资本超越主权国家的能力。金融资本也就是今天资本帝国的核心。金融资本的一个特点就是,它要把所有的事物货币化,并且能够在全球内流动。 今天的资本帝国对主权国家和社会正在产生什么样的影响呢?我们可以从如下几个方面来讨论。 首先,资本脱离主权国家的控制。如果把一个社会的权力分成资本权力、政治权力和社会权力,只有资本是可以流动的,而政治和社会是不可流动的。资本的流动性决定了它有能力脱离本国政治和社会的控制。从前人们说是跨国企业,但今天的跨国企业实际上已经演变成为全球企业,独立于任何一个主权国家的控制。很多全球性企业不仅其经济规模可以和很多国家的经济规模相比拟,也很难说是属于哪一个国家的,受哪一个国家控制。例如华尔街是自主的,美国政府很难主导华尔街。例如,华尔街是2008年金融危机的根源,但金融危机之后美国政府除了拯救华尔街之外,又做了什么呢?尽管深处危机,但华尔街投资银行总裁仍然享受天价的工资和奖金。很少有政府可以对庞大的资本说什么、做什么,但资本反过来则是可以绑架政府的。 其次,国家政治的“中央化”和“国际化”。政治本来就是地方的,尤其在民主国家。不过,在资本帝国的情况下,国家政治尤其是行政当局的关切越来越“中央”或者国际化,即国家和国际层面的事情。这是因为全球化所致。在全球化下,政府和资本是一对矛盾。全球化是一个既不可避免、也是各国都想加入的进程。因为加入全球化意味着资本的进入,和资本所带来的经济发展。政府如果不能善待资本,资本就会跑掉,而导致国家的发展问题。这使得各国政府必须关切国家和国际层面的问题,而往往和本国地方政治脱节。这在欧盟内部表现尤其明显,各成员国往往忽视本国内部的问题,而过度关切欧盟甚至国际问题。 政治的地方化和碎片化 其三,与第二点紧密相关的便是政治的地方化和碎片化。因为执政党过于注重中央和国际层面的事务,国内的地方事务经常被忽视。这次英国的选举所体现的变化很能说明这个趋势。传统的保守党和工党是整合英国内部各种政治力量的两大支柱,但现在都开始衰落。而政治的地方性质并没有改变,保守党和工党的衰落,导致了两个主张“地方独立”的地方政党崛起,一个是主张苏格兰从英国独立出来的政党(苏格兰民族党),另一个是主张英国脱离欧盟的政党(英国独立党)。尽管保守党继续执政,但国内政治版图的碎片性质很难改变。保守党仍然必须履行国内大规模分权、举行脱离欧盟公投的承诺。其他欧洲社会也都有类似的政治情势。希腊和欧盟之间的紧张关系,便是一个主权国家和一个超主权组织之间的矛盾。 美国的黑人种族问题由来已久,但经济全球化在恶化着情况。全球化使得美国内部的收入极端不平等,黑人的经济弱势地位凸显出来。黑人的愤怒表明对整个体制的不信任。实际上,与其他西方国家一样,自1980年代以来,美国政府在扶持资本进行全球化,对国内事务的关切远不如对国际事务的关切。奥巴马成为总统之后,想进行一项只涉及到3000万人口的医疗保障改革,但不了了之。和地方政治的脱节,已经使得西方政治呈现出碎片化的趋向,对西方政治会产生长远的影响。 在资本的巨大推动下,美国政府在大力推动TPP。TPP如果形成,必然能够为美国的资本带来巨大的利益,但能够为美国人民带来同样巨大的利益吗?从过去数十年全球化的经验来说,答案几乎是否定的。 在这样的情况下,政治激进化成为必然。美国已经取消了政治捐款的限制。从长远来看,现在“一人一票”的大众民主便会不可避免地演变成为“一元一票”的民主。尽管美国社会表面上是多元的,具有多元的媒体,但多元背后都是由资本操纵,普通人民除了在不同的资本之间进行选择之外,并无任何权利。有美国政治家早就指出,美国民主是富豪的民主。 从这个角度来看,人们在考量TPP这样的贸易投资组织所能带来的经济利益的同时,也必须考量其所包含的巨大的社会政治风险,尤其是国内内部的社会政治治理结构问题;否则,一旦资本帝国掌控一切,社会会变得越来越不公平,也越来越难以治理。本文发表于《联合早报》,仅代表专家观点,不代表机构立场
2015年10月12日 -
【China Daily】US students in China: challenging, but no regrets
In Matt McFetridge’s words, his two-and-half year stint in China was the "time of his life".The American student, a native of the Finger Lakes region, New York, became fascinated by the ancient country after meeting his first Chinese friend Andi, a classmate in his undergraduate class.In the fall of 2010, McFetridge arrived in China to study abroad for the first time. In the picturesque southwestern city of Kunming, his Chinese friend’s hometown, he had an "amazing and warm experience," and he realized the six-month program "was simply not enough".When he returned to the United States, he began applying for graduate programs and in 2012 began a two-year master’s course in international relations at Tsinghua, one of China’s most prestigious universities."Coming to China was the best decision I have made," he said.McFetridge is one of American students who have studied in China since the two countries began an educational exchange program 36 years ago.China has since seen a steady flow of American students, increasing from 8,480 in 2004 to 24,203 in 2014, according to China’s Ministry of Education. They became the second biggest group of international students in 2008, with South Korea the largest.As McFetridge was enjoying the sunshine of Kunming, his fellow countryman Eric Schafer moved to Beijing from California two years after getting a bachelor’s degree in political science from Berkeley.Unlike McFetridge, whose connection with China began with a friendship, the Berkeley graduate chose Beijing because he saw "the substantial influence China had on the world", even though he could barely speak Chinese back then."I couldn’t shop at the store, I couldn’t go to the bank, I couldn’t order food, I couldn’t do anything!" Schafer said, recalling the beginning of his journey in China.The frustration brought by the language barrier did not last long as he began a three-year intensive Chinese-language program at the Beijing Language and Culture University.Looking back, Schafer, who just recently completed his master’s degree in international relations and is now a faculty member at the Peking University, said, "I have no regrets at all. My life in China has been fulfilling, and I’m very happy to be here.""At times, living in China can be challenging, but living here has been very beneficial and the challenges have made me a better and stronger person."Deeper understandingThe more time a person spends in a foreign country, the more they understand it. After spending years in China, McFetridge’s impression of China had changed, "but mostly positively.""The country has some obvious room for improvement in certain sectors, but that being said I applaud the development the country has made in such a short amount of time."For Elyse Ribbons, studying Peking Opera at the National Academy of Chinese Theater Arts, her view on China has changed a lot since she came to Beijing in 2001."China only meant three things to me when I first arrived: the Great Wall, Pandas and Kung Pao Chicken, but now I am an old hand, I am often invited to introduce Chinese culture to native children," said Ribbons, a radio host, playwright and entrepreneur who is known in China by the name Liu Suying.Life in China also helps American students understand that Chinese and Americans "have a lot of common ground."Schafer said that many people living abroad compare "my people to their people", but he tries to think of people as "people" not "Chinese" or "American.""I think in this way I can be more objective and better understand the world around me," he explained.Culture in fact is superficial, as different cultures have different manifestations, said Frank Hawke, one of the first eight American students to study in China in February 1979.After spending more than three decades in China, Hawke, now the China director for the Stanford Graduate School of Business, said he always suggests that students who study in China should not focus on the superficial differences between Chinese and Americans."Chinese and Americans may eat differently, speak differently, deal with things in different ways, but why is that? In the process of answering that question, you will find that they are fundamentally the same," said Hawke.Friendly tiesPeople-to-people exchanges, of which student exchanges are a large part, are a crucial tool for country relations."Students who have studied in each other’s countries are the best envoys between China and the United States," said Ruan Zongze, a senior expert on China-U.S. relations.They know both the different countries and they understand both cultures so play a unique role helping eradicate differences, said Ruan, vice president of the China Institute of International Studies.According to the 2014 Open Doors Report by the Institute of International Education, China remains the fifth largest host destination for American students following Britain, Italy, Spain and France.The increase in students shows China’s international influence and market potential is recognized by the United States, said Wang Huiyao, president of the Center for China and Globalization(CCG)."Both governments and the public attach importance to more U.S. students choosing to study in China," Wang said.Helping the numbers are two of the largest exchange programs ever created between two governments. Part of the China-U.S. high-level consultation on people-to-people exchange (CPE) created in May 2010, China’s "Three Ten-Thousands" project will see 10,000 Chinese students sponsored to study in the U.S. for doctoral degrees, 10,000 U.S. students will be admitted to study in China and another 10,000 U.S. students will be given scholarships.The American "100,000 Strong" initiative, led by the U.S. State Department, aims to send 100,000 students to study in China, which it achieved last year.China and the U.S. have formed a stronger link through their students. The number of Chinese students in U.S. colleges grew by 17 percent during the last full school year, hitting a record-breaking 274,000.More favorable policiesWhile McFetridge said he would like to move to China permanently, he has to leave after graduation due to visa regulations.For many students, finding work in China immediately after graduation is tough, but this may soon change as China is exploring ways to address internship and employment restrictions."To attract more foreign students to China, it is important to help foreign students make their career plans and provide them employment guidance," the Ministry of Education told Xinhua.McFetridge, now a master’s candidate in the University of London, said he will definitely come back once the new policies are adopted, "because China suits me."From China Daily, Sep 21, 2015
2015年10月12日 -
【Washington Post】Are think tanks obsolete?
Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) speaks in February during a hearing. Warren’s letter to the Brookings Institution highlighted the challenges facing think tanks. (Alex Wong/Getty Images)If we think about Washington the way we think about Detroit, then the organizations that line Massachusetts Avenue are like the capital’s factories. Only in D.C.’s case, the buildings are think tanks and what are chugging out the doors are ideas, not automobiles.With their multimillion-dollar budgets, thousands of employees and access to power, it’s tempting to think of think tanks as juggernauts impregnably dominating their market, just as we once saw the automobile industry.But what if the opposite is true? What if think tanks today are more like the Detroit of the 1990s than of the 1950s? What if they, too, are facing existential threats they don’t quite understand and aren’t very well prepared to deal with? In fact, what if the think-tank establishment is like a whole host of other industries — including newspapers and television — that are struggling against forces beyond their control? What if bloggers, YouTube, sound bites, social media, TED talks, metrics, changing business models and even rogue players who create their own narratives represent the same menace to think tanks as they do to mainstream media? What if the upstarts are to think tanks what Datsun, Toyota and Hyundai were to Ford, GM and Chrysler: small, fast, annoying competitors, easy to ignore, disrespected by the establishment — and ultimately very effective guerrilla warriors?And what if, as with other idea industries such as film, broadcast and all news media, the quest for a new business model and for more robust sources of funding or revenue is — as would-be presidential candidate Elizabeth Warren charged last week — blurring once brighter lines and threatening intellectual credibility?[How Elizabeth Warren picked a fight with Brookings — and won]This being the ideas business, naturally there are think tanks whose job it is to study think tanks. Some of them think that think tanks aren’t immune to such pressures — and that not all of them are stepping up equally to the challenge.“The old adage ‘research it and write it and policy makers will beat a path to your door,’ is no longer the case,” says James McGann, director of the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program at the University of Pennsylvania, who has been following think tanks for more than 25 years. “The news and information cycle is accelerated. The time span for doing research and the traditional way of publishing it — books and journals — is totally out of synch” with the way people are getting information now, he says. "That’s the existential challenge for those involved in pushing ideas."“The marketplace of ideas has become congested,” agrees Donald Abelson, a professor at the University of Western Ontario who has written a book called “Do Think Tanks Matter?” (His conclusion is ultimately a qualified yes.) He agrees with McGann that these idea organizations are "struggling to be heard. Just because you have a multimillion-dollar budget doesn’t mean you can influence policy," he says.The concept of a “think tank” goes back to the turn of the century, when several industrialists-turned-philanthropists saw that the much leaner, less professional government of the era needed to have a sort of a brain trust. The institutions named for these benefactors, such as Carnegie and Brookings, were later joined by ones named by other founders, such as the Peter G. Peterson Institute and the Pew Charitable Trusts, or for iconic statesmen such as the Wilson Center, the Hoover Institution, or for the kinds of things they advocated — Open Society, Human Rights Watch, Center for American Security.McGann’s group at the University of Pennsylvania calculates that the United States dominates the think-tank industry with 1,830 institutions, or 28 percent of the world’s total (the next highest country is China with 429). Washington hosts nearly a quarter of U.S. think tanks. In 2013, the top 21 think tanks alone spent more than $1 billion and employed more than 7,000 people.If their principal product is ideas, their goal is influence. “Our number one goal is to have impact on policy,” says Andrew Schwartz, a senior vice president at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. So what’s changed in think tanks’ landscapes?New competition: Where think tanks boast of social media readership in the hundred or thousands, a TED talk by Bryan Stephenson, a lawyer and founder of a fair sentencing group, on criminal justice — a hot topic right now — has been watched more than 2.5 million times. “His talk on TED is impacting policy,” says McGann. “There are non-traditional means of thinkers getting out ideas that transform policy.” Think tanks are also finding that their calling cards — research, expertise, thoughtful analysis, long and thorough arguments — are coming up against informal groups with passionate messages who can go toe to toe with big players in ways they never could before. Rand Corporation, the biggest of the American think tanks, can do a thoroughly researched paper debunking the idea that vaccines cause autism. The Council on Foreign Relations can create an interactive map of vaccine-preventable diseases around the world. Yet groups such as Educate Before You Vaccinate, with 13,000 Facebook members, keep the debate going even in the face of outbreaks of preventable diseases such as measles. “There is a lot more noise out there,” says Elizabeth Boswell Rega of the German Marshall Fund. The trick is, she says, is to figure out how to break through the noise. While acknowledging the competition, some say they believe serious scholarship will triumph. The discussion is “much more open,” says Jessica Tuchman Mathews, a distinguished fellow at Carnegie Endowment for International Peace who for 18 years served as its president. “It’s also open to crummy stuff … crazy, bad, sloppy. But I think over time the quality in the think tank world does get recognized.”Social media: The future of think tanks, given the goal of influence, is rooted not in 100-page reports but in tweets, Facebook shares, video clips, slick Web sites with downloadable information and podcasts. It’s not as though think tanks are blind to these changes. Some are trying their hardest to move to the new world. CSIS, for example, boasts of a tech-company-like “ideas lab” and a fancy and soon-to-be-upgraded Web site and has created its own television and radio studio. “We have become our own media company,” says Schwartz. Former congresswoman Jane Harman saw firsthand what changing audience and changing technology could do to a once-thriving enterprise. (She and her late husband, Sidney Harman, bought Newsweek magazine for $1 in 2010, only to kill the print edition and sell it as an online-only business three years later.) When she left Congress in 2011 to head the Wilson Center, she found that the institute’s flagship publication, the Wilson Quarterly, had 67,000 subscribers, a large number of them longtime readers. “I’ve seen this movie before,” she says: “a declining, aging readership.” Wilson killed the print publication, created a new online version and now has 300,000 subscribers, more than half of them younger than 30.But if there is one lesson to be learned from the newspaper industry, it’s how hard it is to change the habits of key players — even with with locomotive speed. “We know we are moving to a social media world but our scholars and board don’t understand social media,” says one person in charge of implementing the switch. “We’re in a new world.”The culture of think tanks is still deeply rooted in reports and books. The lobbies and offices of many think tanks are jammed with books produced by their scholars. While the Brookings Institution boasts new blogs and Web offerings, its Web site still offers more than 2,800 book titles on subjects ranging from “Azerbaijan and the New Energy Geopolitics of Southeastern Europe” to “Labour Markets, Institutions and Inequality.” Yet as think tanks speed up their responses, with e-mailed newsletters and tweeted reactions, they risk losing the originality and scholarship that most pride themselves on and risk becoming lost in the blizzard of similar notifications.Threats to independence?: A decline in funding for think tanks from larger institutional sources has pushed them to seek more funding from corporations, individuals and foundations, says McGann. Alejandro Chafuen, president of Atlas Network, writes in Forbes that the 2008 financial crisis also cut into foundation funding. That has led to increasing dependence for funding on donors who have a stake in the outcome of research. That, in turn, brings threats from all sides. On the one hand, there is the threat of actual intellectual interference from donors, as a lengthy New York Times investigative piece last year charged. On the other hand, there is the additional threat of attack from those who see such funder bias. Last week Elizabeth Warren lashed out at a paper critical of her consumer protection rule, accusing its author of being influenced by his mutual-fund sponsor. The author, economist Robert Litan, denied the charge, yet resigned his unpaid post anyway. Brookings, in a statement, said that Litan’s resignation was accepted because by testifying before Congress on research done for his employer he violated a policy prohibiting nonresident scholars from using the Brookings affiliation for Congressional testimony*.Increasingly as well, even donors with no political agenda are demanding to shape the research in the name of efficiency, effectiveness and impact. “In the old days, donors gave unrestricted money to think tanks, and said ‘you guys know what you’re doing. Think the big ideas,’ ” says McGann. Now major donors have shifted away from money that can be used by the institution to do with what they like to money that is earmarked for specific programs. “Think tanks own their agenda less than they used to,” says Ellen Laipson, who recently stepping down as president of the Stimson Center to become a distinguished fellow. Even when the ideas are “worthy,” she says, the fact that funders are more interested in donating only to causes or issues they choose raises questions. “Who owns the knowledge? Who sets the agenda? How much true independence is there?”One result has been an increased push to have think tanks be more open about the sources of their funds. One organization — Transparify — publishes an annual report grading think tanks on how much information they disclose about where their money comes from.Drive for impact: Foundations’ desire to see the result of their donations puts think tanks smack in the path of a trend by funders to measure the outcome of programs. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, for example, was part of a group that five years ago pledged $90 million to support African think tanks. The Gates Foundation has had a strong influence on a wide range of donors with its focus on quantifying and measuring goals. It’s hard to tell who did what. “Every successful policy idea has 100 mothers and fathers,” says Abelson. “The problem is that when you get into which policy came from which think tanks, in some cases, many think tanks will take credit for the same idea.”Because impact is so hard to measure in an ideas business, the drive to quantify has had two effects: One is to focus giving on smaller and smaller goals where the impact on policy discussions can be more clearly discerned. Laipson cites work Stimson did on preventing nuclear materials from falling into the wrong hands. Eventually, because of the desire to see impact, they focused on creating incentives for insurance companies that deal with commercial items that could be used in nuclear weapons. “It’s micro stuff,” she says, “several steps away from the big idea. Did we make the world a safer place? We can’t say.”The other is to measure the public appearance of think tanks. Where the number of books and reports and mentions in the press were once the way think tanks were evaluated, Chafuen, of Atlas, offers an analysis of which think tanks excel in Facebook likes, tweets and YouTube views.Ideological gridlock: Finally, gridlock in government makes it harder for think tanks’ ideas to get heard. Short election cycles mean what McGann calls a “policy tsunami” every two years, which also leads to a crowded field and short attention span for the officials who are natural consumers of think tanks’ analyses.The increased polarization of government reduces officials’ desire or need for deep research. When positions are increasingly hardened on an ideological basis, some members of think tanks complain that what officials are now seeking is more ammunition than analysis. “No one is interested in substance,” says an official at one big think tank. “It’s very hard to get the attention in Congress if it’s a serious idea. They see [things] in black and white.”“The business model in Congress is broken,” says Harman, herself a former member of Congress.* After the Brookings Institution wrote in to clarify their policy, we updated the text. Previously, the article stated that Litan violated a policy prohibiting ” the use of the Brookings affiliation when presenting non-Brookings work.”(By Amanda Bennett)From The Washington Post,Oct 5, 2015
2015年10月10日 -
陈启宗:在逆境之时,强者会越强
理事简介陈启宗,香港恒隆地产董事长,中国与全球化智库(CCG)咨询委员会联席主席。 恒隆地产董事长陈启宗发表2015年中期致股东函,原文如下: 董事长陈启宗2015年中期致股东函业务回顾 一如所料,营商环境相当艰困。内地整体经济疲弱,零售业尤其奢侈品销售增长进一步放缓。在此情况下,我们的表现可算是符合预期。 举例说,上海的恒隆广场购物商场,其租金收入较去年同期跃升百分之十二,部分原因是六家大型品牌店完成扩充计划,每家的租赁面积增加百分之五十七至百分之四百八十不等。至于港汇恒隆广场购物商场,租金收入亦上升百分之六。整体计算集团于上海的商场租金收入增长百分之九,租出率稳企于百分之九十九,平均租金升幅接近百分之十。 由于毗邻地区办公楼供应过剩,上海的恒隆广场办公楼的租金收入减少百分之七(港汇恒隆广场坐落之徐家汇区,竞争未至如斯激烈,故母公司恒隆集团持有的港汇恒隆广场办公楼,租金收入上升百分之五)。把商场与办公楼合计,上海的恒隆广场租金收入增长百分之三,来自上海的租金收入总额上升百分之四至港币十四亿五千四百万元。租赁边际利润高企于百分之八十七,投资成本的无杠杆租金回报率上升至百分之四十六。 二线城市的购物商场面对更艰困的环境。以租金收入计算,业绩正在好转的沈阳的皇城恒隆广场租金录得升幅,其在济南的恒隆广场微微回落,但沈阳的市府恒隆广场和无锡的恒隆广场则双双下跌。租出率方面,一如六个月前所料,沈阳的皇城恒隆广场持平,济南的恒隆广场升幅颇佳,但其馀两者皆下降。由于整体零售市道疲弱,各个商场(尤其沈阳的市府恒隆广场和无锡的恒隆广场)均有租金下调压力。开业不足一年的天津的恒隆广场表现尚可,租出率稳步上升。 本函件的长期读者均知,我们自内地业务伊始,一直坚持稳健的基本租金,宁愿牺牲营业额租金部分的上升空间。当市道急升时,我们或许失去一些额外收入,但如今市道艰困时,我们有远远较佳的保障。许多竞争对手自愿或非自愿地,仅要求租户(尤其顶级奢侈品牌)缴付少许基本租金,甚至完全豁免;今天彼等吃尽苦头。 租户零售额是反映购物商场健康的重要指标。我们位于上海及上海以外的商场,在这方面均录得百分之四的增长。在二线城市,以租户零售额计算,沈阳的皇城恒隆广场上升百分之十,济南的恒隆广场几乎与去年同期相同,沈阳的市府恒隆广场下降百分之五,无锡的恒隆广场则跃升百分之十五。然而,最后一项数字有必要阐释。法拉利Ferrari)及玛莎拉蒂(Maserati)两个汽车展厅,占该物业零售总额近四分之一,倘把其扣除,其租户零售额只属持平。无论如何,在短短数月内售出九十三辆豪华汽车可见无锡的私人财富甚为丰厚。 尽管经济不景气,我们两座新办公楼仍录得理想租赁成绩。无锡的恒隆广场办公楼于二零一四年第四季落成,租出率现达百分之六十,沈阳的市府恒隆广场办公楼则租出近三分之一;本人预期,有关数字于年底时可分别超过百分之八十及百分之六十。除争取可接受的单位租金收入外,吸引最优质的租户亦同样重要,我们现正就此努力香港投资物业表现理想。其整体租金收入较二零一四年同期增长百分之七,当中零售商铺增长百分之六,办公楼增长百分之九,两类资产基本上保持全部租出。来自香港的租金收入逾港币十七亿元,占本公司租金收入总额百分之四十五。内地则占百分之五十五,金额逾港币二十一亿元。 我们继续出售已落成的住宅。期内,我们仅售出二十六个单位,对比一年前售出八十八个,营业额减少百分之十七,但由于边际利润较高,营业溢利实质增长百分之四。举例说,九个君临天下单位录得高达百分之八十二的边际利润。我们亦售出多个停车位。 总括而言,本公司的营业总额及营业溢利皆增长百分之三。由于重估收益远较一年前为少,股东应占纯利减少百分之十二。倘不计入非现金的重估项目,股东应占基本纯利减少百分之一。由于此数目甚小,每股基本盈利保持在港币五角五仙的水平。 本人此前已告知股东,我们将斥资港币十三亿元优化集团两项上海物业。彼等有逾十五年历史,然而我们亦希望能确保其继续居于市场领导地位。工程在上海的恒隆广场已展开,其在港汇恒隆广场将于二零一六年下半年动工。工人会于商场营业时间后方进场施工,并于第二天开业前将商场回复营业状态。这会令完工时间延长,但租户和顾客受到的影响可减至最小。 过去数月有两件事情对本公司影响深远;其中一件尤其与我们的业务相关,另一件则涉及较广泛的层面。前者为奢侈品牌在中国(包括香港)降价,后者与中国股市暴挫有关。 根据环球管理谘询公司麦肯锡(McKinsey)的资料,中国现占全球每年奢侈品市场约百分之二十份额,金额达三百多亿美元。此外,奢侈品消费正以惊人的速度在中国增长,以致几乎所有的大品牌均涌往中国。事实上,它们为了迎合中国市场,往往须要调整其环球策略;再加上零售业引入电子商务等新科技,以及中国消费者急速转变或如部分人所言的升格的品味和喜好,带来了一个正在急剧演变的行业。 尽管高端时装租用集团商场仅百分之六的楼面,却提供约百分之十七的租金份额;购物商场则占我们内地租金总额约百分之八十。数字以外,集团在中国的声誉亦建基于奢侈品销售,其有助带动其他类型的租户,因此我们特别关注这个行业的发展。 多年来,同一奢侈品在中国的售价比欧洲平均高出约百分之二十,因此中国人的奢侈品采购逾百分之六十是在内地以外进行,并因而衍生了在海外购买在内地倒卖的套利活动。构成这个价格差异的其中一个主因,是政府征收高昂的进口税。三年前我问一位相关的高级官员:海外采购令政府损失不菲,为何仍要保持高进口税?对方毫不含糊地表示,当时机成熟时,这些进口税便会下调。迄今此事仍未发生。 管理层当然盼望此等税项下调。此举应会令某一个百分比的海外销售回流,让我们在内地一些顶级商场受惠。只消现时百分之六十的海外交易中有四分之一回流中国,国内市场便可增长约百分之四十。近期部分消费品关税下调,也为我们带来希望。 令我们意外的是,一个顶级环球奢侈品牌于今年三月起在中国降价,而这是永久性降价而非季节性促销。其后不久,其他多个大品牌相继彷效。彼等表面上的理由是令有关产品在中国的价格与世界各地看齐,从而杜绝大幅差价带来的不良后果。 我们宁愿政府削减进口税,皆因此举可惠及所有奢侈品,而非限于少数选择降价的品牌。事实上,本人关注此等品牌的决定,或会妨碍政府的决策。无论如何,倘消费者支付的价格下降,部分海外销售将有可能回流,这对我们和中国的零售业应是好消息。 接着是一个不太利好的消息:中国股票价格近期连日累周地急跌。当去年底大量流动资金注入经济体并导向上海和深圳股市时,我们知道迟早会带来麻烦。我们曾在东亚其他地方目睹很多大跌市,诸如一九七三年、一九八七年一九九七年、二零零零年和二零零八年。尽管每次的肇因或有异,之前必是一片亢奋,然后无可避免地以近乎暴挫告终。这些大跌市甚为可怖,曾经历过的人绝难忘记。然而,内地的投资者从未目睹此景,惟有待其亲身体验方知究竟。 因此,本人对近期中国股灾有以下评论。首先,每个发展中的经济体及其股市,迟早都会经历这类颠簸,连美国亦曾于一九二九年经历此境。每个稍为成熟的东亚市场莫不有此经历。举例说,今天留意台湾股票的环球投资者不多,但在一九八零年代中至后期,台湾曾是一个狂热市场。内地今天经历类似的大起大落,不应令人感到意外。倘非如此才属反常,这只是市场迈向成熟的正常过程。 部分人或会对托市的方法和程度不以为然。这同样不应教人意外,历史每每显示:每个政府倘在其能力范围内,都会竭力救市。中国政府也许有更多可用的工具,因而用之。 某程度上,股市大幅波动难免损害当地经济,但在绝大部分历史案例中后者均能复苏,中国经济亦将如是。毕竟,政府不仅拥有多种途径可救市,亦有许多方法可刺激增长。诚然,随着中国经济持续开放,难以预测北京可保持这个操控权多久,但就现时而言,彼会竭尽全力复苏经济。 倘最近引导大量民间资金进入股市的“实验”是为了刺激经济,那是适得其反。此次股灾的无心之得,无疑是让官员学懂何事不该沾手,这应有助他们下趟处理得更为妥善。 另有一个原因,令今次跌市对中国实体经济的损害没有其他地方那么大,就是中国股市与基本经济的关联性较西方国家为小。中国资本市场有一大部分是与大型国有企业有关;彼等在各自的行业里拥有垄断权或专营权,许多都是财雄势大,其赚钱能力与股市状况无大相干。 再者,与一年前或二零一五年年初相比,今天的中国股市指数仍远远较高。然而,那些近期在股票市场中亏本的股民难免会减少消费。 也许经济的更大隐忧在于楼市疲弱。房地产活动与整体经济约有百分之二十相关。过去人人争建楼房,经济遂水涨船高;如今情况逆转,带来的影响亦然。本人过去曾论述此项隐忧,今天其影响更日益显着。这解释了为何全国的贷款需求尽皆疲弱。随着经济活动放缓,创造就业的机会亦减少,这些迹象均令人忧心。 此必为政府竭尽所能刺激经济之原因。放松银根的旧板斧已不敷应用。基础材料和产能的供应过剩已经出现。 需求方面,中国最大的出口市场欧洲没有增长。美国经济较好,但这市场对于中国来说有三个问题。首先,经历几年薪金的急剧增长,中国与美国之间的成本价格差距已收窄。再者,美国拥有如机械人、立体打印和廉价页岩气能源供应等科技优势,可让美国再次成为制造业大国,好比一九五零╱六零年代的情况,并可能减少对大部分入口货品的需求。第三,丑陋的贸易保护主义正在抬头,其口号是:购买美国货。 消费是出口以外的第二个经济引擎。市民的消费比从前谨慎,部分原因是楼价停滞所带来的负面影响。唯一历久不衰的方法是增加公共投资,但此举亦有局限性。打造新举措是必然之举,但这殊不容易。 政府在这方面有两项尝试:鼓励年轻人创业,以及推动称为“一带一路”的新丝绸之路经济带。彼等带来的短期效益是否足以振兴经济,令人怀疑。 因此,最近的股灾本身也许并非如斯严重,令人最忧心的是那些更根本的问题。我们难以预见新的经济引擎将会是甚么。此乃为何本人未能预见我们的购物商场业务可以快速复苏。 香港零售业表现尚可以接受,虽则其表现原可更佳。部分港人对内地旅客在港采购日用品产生激烈反感,多起敌视旅客的不幸事件,令许多中国同胞对访港出现戒心。这对香港零售业无疑带来损害,以至昔日某些地区许多贵租的街铺,如今均告丢空。这对我们的影响轻微,但对香港整体绝非好事。 这种敌视内地人的情绪,既无必要亦不恰当;虽则其非香港独有,新加坡亦曾见同类事件发生。部分与供求有关的问题,乃容易解决。以婴儿奶粉为例,何不向全球的最佳供应商大量采购?然后在接近香港和内地边境之处设立直销店。大宗买卖可为所有人省价,而我们亦可挽留彼方的购物者。港人会减少对这些访客的敌意,而内地访客对香港亦不至反感。他们会继续前来香港,并在逗留期间使用我们的其他服务,令香港的就业市场保持安稳,整体经济更加畅旺。 众所周知,无论以绝对或人均基准计算,内地旅客在全球各地均在最高消费群之列。把他们拒诸门外等于与钱为敌。香港一向是个开放型商业城市,把正当生意赶走实属不智。 港人幸勿忘记香港面对种种竞争。鉴于港元与美元挂勾,而近期几乎所有主要货币对美元均告贬值,因此对内地旅客而言许多邻近国家现已相当吸引。尖沙咀区向来是内地旅客的络绎热点,如今对许多内地人来说,新的尖沙咀区是东京、首尔和台北。而一旦香港的声誉在内地变差,便难以扭转乾坤。 同样,看不起中国同胞亦殊不理智。很少港人是真正的香港原居民。香港在一个世纪多前只是个渔村,即使到了二次世界大战末,人口仍然甚少,我们或我们的父母大部分原先都来自内地。因此,受到苛待的旅客和新移民,以及苛待他们的本地人,其分别只在于来港的时间。 数据已反映衰退迹象:访港的内地旅客增长放缓,连消费亦逐渐下跌。香港必须尽快采取步骤以扭转跌势。香港民主而诸多掣肘的政策流程亦拖慢了急需的基建发展,机场第三条跑道即属一例。港珠澳大桥兴建后将有助香港经济,但其亦陷于政治耗斗而遭殃。 凡此种种皆提醒我们,不应对未来一、两年的香港零售业务过于乐观。市场增长将有限,因此我们必须增加市场份额方可增长。在这方面,集团现时进行的资产优化计划应有帮助。集团的物业组合仍有相当的优化空间,而我们将悉力以赴。展 望 鉴于内地和香港零售市道均放缓,我们正为漫漫寒冬作出防备。本人乐见形势被错判,但在现阶段保持警惕当属审慎之举。毕竟,无论经济或地产业均未见许多利好迹象。 事实上,在天津的恒隆广场开业后六个月内,当地最少有六家具规模的零售物业结业!我们从不认为彼等之困境乃吾等所致;尽管我们位居市场最佳之列,但并非强大至斯。未来的竞争固然会减少,但我们对此并不特别雀跃,皆因其在在说明:市道现正陷于低迷,并淼无结束迹象。 无独有偶,六家于天津结业的零售物业均为百货公司。不久前,有机构投资者曾问我们,传统百货公司与购物商场两种模式孰优孰劣。本人认为答案甚为明显,但这很容易被指有所偏颇。今天,大部分人的看法跟本人一样,但这并不表示所有购物商场均可安然无事。其不外说明,较弱的模式会首当其冲(尽管如此,部分百货公司仍会继续生存)。倘消费者信心持续低落,劣质的商场亦会销声匿迹。这情况现正发生。幸好,我们不单拥有市场内最优越的物业,财力亦十分丰厚。过去九年迄今,我们的净债务基本上是零。因此,很难想象有甚么外在因素可摧毁我们,但这对大部分竞争对手而言则犹未可知。 多年来,眼见劣质商场充斥于中国城市,本人一直思量此行业将何去何从,如今答案正迅速浮现眼前。 最简单的做法是关门大吉,或最低限度把物业封存;许多商场现正这样做。要另觅用途颇考功夫,其中一个可能性是把其改建为老人活动中心。鉴于中国社会人口老化此等设施会有相当需求。然而,如何由此赚钱是另一个问题。商场位居租金回报率最高的物业之列,这意味着绝大部分的其他用途,都会带来较逊色的回报率。 少数骁勇之辈正购入已结业的购物商场。也许此等新业主对物业用途另有作为,惟倘其不外是继续营办商场,则本人怀疑其成功机会。商场失败的主因并非软件而是硬件,亦即本人所称的“地产基因”:地点、规模、设计和施工。这些因素在商场落成后便不能更改。正如矮个子难打专业篮球,高个子难玩体操,最大的关键在于基因,换个好教练亦于事无补。 我相信,为这些商场另觅可行用途,是较为稳妥之法。有一家公司把地点优越的商场改建为办公楼,供年轻创业者以日计方式租用;毕竟,中国最高领导人正呼吁年轻人创新创业。如此看来当有点儿市场吧,但可否填满一个商场甚或多个商场?很难!此外,简单算术或凭常识也知,这类改建取得的回报率,绝难及得上一家管理得宜的购物商场所得的回报率,尤其高端商场更难相提并论。这是不尊重“基因”的代价。 市场上尚见其他对策。一家以往自称经营高端商场且行事高调的地产商公开宣布,除关闭部分较弱的商场外,亦将余下商场的规格降低至大众市场。跟许多人一样,他们终于发现:兴建和管理顶级购物商场,是一项需要高度专才的措举。本人在致股东函中已多次指出这点。 我相信,这个改弦易辙的游戏刚刚开始。由于许多城市的商场均出现严重供应过剩,只要经济疲惫及消费薄弱的情况持续,更改用途的步伐自必加速;此等市场也许需时数年方会达至供求平衡。我估计,一旦气氛好转,市场的「洗牌」便会停止,人们将重新开始兴建商场。到处杨梅一样花,我们不宜低估人性的愚昧。 然则恒隆该怎样做?首先,我们须秉持现有方针。数家机构投资者最近问我们会否考虑降低旗下商场的产品价格点。我认为这个建议匪夷所思。由于奢侈品总会有市场我们在价值链上不该下移。顶端或接近顶端市场的参与者甚少,皆因懂得发展和管理四星级或五星级商场者寥寥可数。我们已有数项物业稳居该范畴之列,当中的竞争对手数目有限。倘我们下移,集团的独特性便会打折扣;而纵使市场较大,我们亦会遇上较多竞争。今天我们所参与的市场,远较下一层更易防卫。 其次,我们虽然无意放慢施工进度,但亦不会如过往般竭力超前。我们预期,低迷的市道将持续一段时间,因此无需赶急。 第三,我们会把握现时市道放缓的契机,提升现有物业组合质素。较早前,我们在香港展开的资产优化计划甚为成功,继旺角和铜锣湾物业的多项优化工作完成后,其他亦将再接再厉。上海的恒隆广场的优化计划经已展开,港汇恒隆广场亦将于二零一六年动工,两项上海物业的回本期约为四年。 内地的土地价格将有朝一日变得很吸引人,这是我们注意的第四个范畴。但我们现时并不急于购置土地,皆因我们未见经济可迅速复苏。 第五点是至为关键的,我们将竭尽所能,建立好集团的管理团队,尤其是高层管理团队。本人已在六个月前详尽地撰述此点,现时该方面已有进展,但仍有改进空间。最后,在强化团队的同时,我们亦须巩固企业文化,这也是本人过往相当关注的另一课题。 在逆境之时,强者会越强,而弱者(如我们早前所见的)则会迟早失败。观乎我们拥有的有形和无形资产,恒隆将是甚少数的大赢家之一。在市场经济的大部分行业里,成功终归集中在少数参与者手中。 在极度艰困的环境下,大连的恒隆广场将于十二月初正式开业。其总楼面面积约达二十二万平方米,要妥善地把它全部租出,对任何人而言都是一项挑战。其平均单位租金料将略低于天津的恒隆广场。 该商场会分两期开幕,第一期占整体楼面百分之八十七。我们预期,开业时的租出率以第一期计为百分之八十,以整个商场计为百分之七十。当第一期的租出率接近百分之九十时,我们的初期租金回报率应达百分之四至五这个目标。待其全部租出后,租金回报率很有机会达至百分之五至六。鉴于该物业规模庞大,兼且市场环境艰困,这个成绩颇为理想。 我亦应作出补充:该商场开业时,其较高楼层和地库基本上都会全部租出,但一、二楼则除外。后者是所有租户属意之处,最容易租出。然而,我们并不愿将如此优质的楼层随便租予任何人,否则当我们找到更合适的品牌时,便须再花时间和精力安排搬铺。顶级品牌现正暂停开新店,我们亦不用急着去找心仪的品牌租户。 大连之后,集团下一个开业的商场应在昆明。近年的建筑条例变得日益冗赘。这也许可以理解,皆因过去二十年的快速增长的市场,令有关制度出现许多漏洞,因此最近的发展可视为改进。然而,这些条例往往顾此失彼。举例说,新的消防法规令有效益并实属合理的设计变得无用武之地。此等问题最终往往可以解决,但过程每每繁琐磨人。我们之前已领教过类似情况,但其似乎没完没了。因此,除因为我们在大连买地约两年半后才购入昆明地块外,日益严格的建筑条例亦意味着昆明项目要到二零一八年才能开业。 我们欢迎这个歇息机会。自二零一零年以来,我们每年开设一个世界级购物商场。六年间有六大物业开业,这以任何标准而言都是惊人的,无怪乎管理团队纵使增加人手亦难赶上。我们诚属幸运,一直没有出现大乱子。 增加新购物商场虽可令营业额即时上升,但因其成熟需时,故对溢利并无即时贡献,而事实上它更会拖低租赁边际利润;暂停加入新落成物业则会带来相反的效果。理顺新商场的问题后,单位租金和租金收入总额应可上升,整体租赁边际利润将可改善更多营业额会流入溢利,这是任何生意的终极目标。 一如以往,我们会继续评估市场情况,确定何时兴建沈阳的市府恒隆广场和无锡的恒隆广场的办公楼和公寓大楼。 现时较为迫切的问题乃整体消费市道仍然疲弱。二线城市租金下调,带来实质且严重的威胁,管理层须使出浑身解数以免情况失控。此外,上海两项物业的优化计划亦带来一定挑战,但本人预计其影响不大。 我们正预期一些好消息。尽管香港消费疲弱,集团的表现应优于整体市道,而最近展开的资产优化计划亦开始取得成果。举例说,于一九九三年前作为集团总部所在地之恒隆中心,其商场将是下一个完成优化工程的项目。H&M将于今年年底在此开设一家全球旗舰店。 总括而言,本人预期集团的总租金收入持续增长。然而,香港的物业销售业务则较难预计。我们在现阶段很难预测本年度馀下时间内可进一步出售多少浪澄湾的已落成单位。该数目将影响我们的溢利。最有可能的是,本年的全年销售数字将较去年出售大量君临天下单位时为低。无论如何,我们有良好机会保持过去在浪澄湾取得的高边际利润。 本人沉痛地宣布,出任本公司董事多年的陈乐怡女士与世长辞。陈女士与癌症奋勇搏斗近十年,于二零一五年五月十八日撒手尘寰。她初期任职银行家,最终成为投资者。其昭着的善举有效地协助根除一些在中国为患的疾病。我们对她深切怀念。 另一方面,本人非常高兴地欢迎冯婉眉女士加盟为本公司的独立非执行董事。冯女士于今年初离开汇丰,其时她是香港汇丰的行政总裁,香港汇丰于二零一四年占汇丰集团溢利总额逾三分之一。冯女士自二零零八年起出任汇丰控股有限公司集团总经理兼环球银行及资本市场亚太区主管。她广被视为财资市场里最有经验的专家之一,本人很难想到有更合适的人选可为董事局提供这方面的专才。 最后,本人欣然报告,本公司继续获得多项大奖,尤其在设计、可持续性和企业管治方面成绩斐然。我们会于年终列出奖项详情。 董事长 陈启宗 香港,二零一五年七月三十日文章选自网易财经,2015年10月9日
2015年10月10日 -
【CRI】中美创业教育思想交流 美国前国务卿赖斯分享斯坦福创业教育经验
正值习近平主席访美之际,一场旨在加强中美创业教育交流方面的国际研讨会日前在北京举行。目前在斯坦福大学执教的美国前国务卿 赖斯 在论坛上分享了这所著名学府创业教育的经验。以下是环球资讯广播的文字实录。 近年来,越来越多的大学生在毕业后选择自主创业。不过,与发达国家相比,中国大学生自主创业的比例仍然较低。 活动主办方之一的中国与全球化智库的理事长王辉耀表示:“中国目前来看大学生的创业水平是比较低的,麦可思发布的2015年大学生就业报告,从2008年至2014年间,大学生自主创业比例从1%上升到2.9%,增长还是显著的,但是,我们和欧美发达国家的创业率相比,仍存在很大差距。中国应该大力发展创业教育,特别是大学生的创业教育,大众创业没有对大众创业的教育、研究,是很难实现的,包括创业风险教育、创业技巧、企业家创业精神、商业知识管理的训练,提高创业成功率。如果能够打造世界卓越的创业教育体系,我们也能吸引更多的国际人才到中国来创业。” 王辉耀所说的创业教育,被联合国教科文组织称为继学术教育、职业教育后,教育的第三本“护照”。 但是也有人会问,创业还需要专门教授吗?对此,美国前国务卿、斯坦福大学教授康多莉扎·赖斯在演讲中回应了外界对于创业教育的质疑。“有人质疑创业真的能够被教授吗,我想说的是我们不仅具有教授如何创业的能力,而且我们应该教育年轻人如何进行创业。就像教育学生如何写作或如何编写程序,即使他们以后不会成为作家或程序员,但通过创业教育可以使他们具有独立思考的能力,并且具有创新思维转换看待问题的方式。并不是所有人都会成为企业家,但也许未来他们会变成具有创造力的优秀的管理者。” 其实,美国在20世纪就提出了创业教育的理念,哈佛大学商学院率先开设了创业教育课程《新创企业管理》;斯坦福大学和纽约大学开创了现代的MBA创业教育课程体系;百森商学院第一个在本科教育中开设创业方向课程;南加州大学于1971年提供了有关创业的工商管理硕士学位课程。 创业教育开始在美国萌芽。以比尔·盖茨为代表的创业者们掀起了“创业革命”,大力推动了美国经济的发展。王辉耀介绍说:“人类历史上重大的经济发展和技术革命都和创新创业分不开,比如说上个世纪七十年代美国每年诞生的各种新公司大概是二十万个,到了70年代中期这个数字就翻了三倍,到了90年代美国每年创办的企业达到110-120万,从这个比例就能看出来创业对一个国家的推动。” 而斯坦福与硅谷,是高等教育与创业发展相互促进的典型案例。从上个世纪发展到现在,斯坦福已经形成了非常成熟的创新创业教学体系,将创业教育、跨学科综合素质培养和创业支持完全融入到了本科、硕士和博士生教育中,实践与理论教学有机结合,教育培养了一批批高素质创业人才,成为硅谷的人才摇篮和美国创新创业的核心基地。赖斯介绍说:“在斯坦福有一个被称为创新学院的地方,这实际上并不是所谓的学校,而是设立了各种模拟项目使学生聚集在一起,共同探讨他们所面临的问题,学生在这个过程中可以想出非常多有创意的点子,这些想法也许能够真正用于现实。我们现在有非常丰富的经验,怎样使一个点子成为一个方案,再将方案转化为消费者愿意购买的商品,我们同样拥有可以解决各种难题的技术手段,那么为什么我们不把这些经验传授给学生,让他们吸取其中的教训呢?” 随着中国经济进入新常态,产业不断优化升级,大力发展创业教育能带动并指导更多青年人成功创业,进而为经济社会发展注入新活力,而中国与美、德等发达国家在未来创业教育的国际化合作更值得期待。文章选自中国国际广播电台环球资讯,记者:杜慧琴
2015年10月10日 -
【Washington Post】For think tanks, it’s either innovate or die
James G. McGann, Ph.D. is a senior lecturer of International Studies at the Lauder Institute and director of the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program at the University of Pennsylvania.Beginning in the 1970s, public policy research institutions experienced explosive growth — today there are over 6,500 think tanks worldwide, with representation in virtually every country. The boom was driven and defined by globalization, the growth of civil society, an increasing complexity of policy issues and new demands for timely and concise analysis. In recent years, however, the surge has died down and the pace of think tank establishment has slowed. Now, think tanks face extinction unless they learn to innovate and adapt to a rapidly changing political economy.While many factors have contributed to their decline, a shortage of money and the growth of an information-rich environment are arguably the most influential. Limited private and public funding for think tanks has resulted in more short-term, project-specific funding, rather than long term institutional support. Think tanks also face competition from advocacy organizations, for-profit consulting groups, law firms and electronic media for the attention of busy policymakers and an increasingly distracted public. In today’s environment anyone can be a think tank, at least virtually.Traditional measures of impact and policy research are less relevant than ever, and the best mediums for reaching policymakers and the public are in a constant state of flux. This poses an existential challenge for think tanks — but also an incredible opportunity to increase the quality of their output and their ability to reach a larger audience.[Other perspectives: Are think tanks obsolete?]Policymakers still require reliable, accessible and useful information on the mechanics of current policies and on the costs and consequences of possible alternatives. These needs have long been central to government decision-making, but now, more than ever, the forces of globalization require analytical insight to bridge the gap between research and actually implementing policy solutions.Think tanks, however, still face an operating environment that is full of tensions and disruptions. To successfully navigate it, they must understand the threats and opportunities facing all knowledge-based organizations and adapt to meet the market’s new demands.First, research must be timely and accessible in order to effectively engage policymakers, the media and the public. Gone are the days when a think tank could operate with the motto “research it, write it and they will find it” — publishing a white paper and assuming that an influential policymaker would come across it eventually. To have meaningful effect, think tanks must place relevant analysis in the right hands, in the right format, at the right time. This means strategic use of Facebook, linkedin, infographics, and video briefs to communicate information and analysis on key policy issues. Policymakers read an average of thirty minutes a day, and they are not reading books or journals. A think tank’s objective should be to capture their attention so they direct their staff to read the 300-page book or report.Second, think tanks must adapt to the growing demand for rapid data and analysis. Our era of constant connectivity brings with it a perpetual flood of information — from television to the blogosphere, from political advocacy to social media campaigns. Think tanks must be nimble enough to adjust to the acceleration and information avalanches that technical change will bring about.Ultimately, think tanks must respond to this changing environment by collaborating and innovating. They must develop national, regional and international partnerships, and create new platforms to reach citizens, firms and policymakers with their insights. In a marketplace of ideas where everything is global, innovations, insights and influence can only be realized through strategic knowledge partnerships.With their rigorous and innovative perspectives on issues and trends, think tanks contribute evidence and quality information to help tame policy tsunamis sweeping the globe. They are uniquely positioned and skilled to critically assess the good, bad, ugly and potentially dangerous ideas and opinions that flood the Internet and airwaves every day. Increasingly, policymakers are turning to think tanks they know and trust to validate their positions on key policy issues, to check facts and sort through the flood of conflicting opinions and information that crosses their desks each day.To preserve their future, think tanks will need to adopt entrepreneurial and tech-savvy communication strategies while continuing to produce rigorous, policy relevant analysis. With a 21st-century approach, think tanks will survive and thrive for years to come. Without it, they may go the way of the eight-track.(By James McGann)From The Washington Post,Oct 6, 2015
2015年10月9日