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CCG持续关注国际关系议题,推动中国与全球化的发展,积极开展国际交流,充分发挥智库“二轨外交”作用,在巴黎和平论坛、达沃斯世界经济论坛、慕尼黑安全会议等重要国际政策与意见交流平台上组织分论坛、边会、圆桌会议、晚宴等活动,促进国际政商学界对话,凝聚共识;CCG积极与各国政界、智库界、工商界开展“二轨外交”活动,每年常态化赴多国调研与交流,促进中外关系攸关方互动,保持与多国政策圈层的沟通渠道。
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对话梁建章:疫情全球蔓延应防一刀切隔离 警惕脱钩风险
专家简介梁建章:全球化智库(CCG)资深副主席、携程执行董事局主席、北京大学光华管理学院教授。新冠肺炎疫情正在向全球多国蔓延,日本、韩国、欧洲、美国等地确诊病例也在不断攀升,这已成为全球需共同面对的公共卫生事件。在国内疫情仍在防控关头,部分城市宣布对来自疫情严重国家和地区人员入境采取14天隔离措施,严防外部流入。然而这样的入境限制政策在防疫的同时可能将面临一个更加复杂的难题。那么,在内防和外防的同时,中国如何在开放和防疫之间寻找最佳平衡?对于目前多地针对外国人员入境的隔离政策是否会导致中国经济与世界脱钩?如何避免脱钩风险?国内经济如何恢复?中国GDP还能否保持6%的增速?是否需要刺激措施?旅游业何时恢复?如何看疫情之下的海航集团流动性危机?为此,3月1日,新京报记者专访携程集团联合创始人,董事局主席、北京大学光华管理学院教授梁建章。核心观点:1.如果因隔离导致对外交流受到影响,尤其是科学技术的交流,对于多国的经济创新,未来的经济活力等都会受到负面影响。2.任何国家都无法承受与全球隔离的代价。当中国以外的主要国家纷纷将新冠肺炎当作流感来应对时,中国也无法独善其身。尤其是在国内防疫胜利在望之际,也会很快面临这个难题:如何在开放和防疫之间寻找最佳平衡。3.建议严格区分对外隔离,一刀切式的隔离方式不可取,但是,隔离来自高风险国家的人具有合理性。4、为了避免经济脱钩的风险,我们必须全方位地加强和世界的交流,包括商品交流、信息交流,资金交流和人员交流。在人员交流暂时受阻的情况下,保持信息和资金的开放就变得更加重要。5、中国必须保持适度的GDP增速,建议政府可以出台投资、鼓励放开生育等政策来刺激经济,如果措施到位的话,6%的增速完全有可能。6、新冠疫情对中国的全球供应链地位有所影响,不过,在一两个月内不会发生供应链转移。7、疫情对全球旅游行业打击巨大,恢复比较慢。国内旅游业疫后恢复要比国际快,会继续与海航合作希望它挺过去。【正文】疫情全球蔓延容易形成反向恐慌 警惕脱钩风险新京报:新冠肺炎已经成为全球公共卫生事件,你认为中国和其他国家的防疫手段有什么差别?梁建章:疫情的转变是很快的,目前中国政府是最有防范能力和防范措施的,但也是血的教训。此前中国政府发挥了强大的执行力,采取大规模社区隔离等强力措施,将首先在武汉暴发的疫情控制住,很多工厂和企业也正在复工过程中。如今,疫情正在全球蔓延,韩国、意大利、伊朗等国家相继出现了大量社区感染,同时在美国、日本以及欧洲其他国家,也存在着进一步蔓延的趋势。由于种种原因,这些国家难以像中国一样采取强力的封锁和隔离措施,所以只能采取应对流感的常用手段,仅对重症的病人进行治疗,尽量降低死亡率。这种流感化的防疫对策,和中国式的疫情应对办法形成了鲜明对比。新京报:相比国内的强力措施,你如何评价其他国家流感化的防疫对策?梁建章:流感化的防疫对策是否有效,最终取决于新冠病毒的死亡率。在湖北地区,疫情的死亡率高达3-4%,但该项数据可能存在一定程度的高估,因为其分母即实际感染人数可能被低估。更准确的估算来自于湖北以外的死亡率,该数据在0.5%-1%之间,比流感的死亡率(0.1%-0.2%)高了几倍。未来随着医疗方案的不断改进和新药的推出,尤其是可以学习中国的宝贵治疗经验,未来存在死亡率降到和流感同一个数量级的可能性。当然,流感化的防疫对策,客观上可能导致更多的病人死亡,对于全世界来说都是一个巨大的悲剧。但如果和以往每年死于流感的庞大人数相比,其实这个悲剧处于同一个数量级。所以在最初的恐慌期过去以后,流感化的防疫对策会逐渐成为常态,确保各国经济不至于因此停顿或者走向崩溃。在这种应对措施下,各国的发病率和死亡人数可能会高于中国,但他们其实别无选择,只能用好有限的医疗资源和最新的治疗手段,以尽量减少死亡人数。新京报:目前国内部分城市已经对部分疫情严重国家和地区人员入境采取了隔离措施。如果疫情进一步蔓延,你认为是否会扩大隔离的范围?梁建章:如果全世界都采用流感化的应对方式,反过来也会给中国的强力应对方式造成巨大的压力,我们比较容易产生反向恐慌,代价是非常大的。目前国内部分城市对入境客人采取隔离14天的措施,但执行过程中有些地方“一刀切”针对所有入境客人。虽然,我认为这种一刀切的隔离方式肯定是不可取的,但是,隔离来自高风险国家的人具有一定的合理性,因为在这些国家采取相对弱势的流感化应对方式后,其国民比中国人具有更高的传染风险,所以,仅从严控疫情的角度来考虑问题,自然应当限制和隔离这些外国人。但问题在于,绝大多数国家的疫情控制力度都不如中国,如果对于大部分国家都严格采取隔离措施,中国经济无法承受这样的代价。新京报:如果我们对于大部分国家严格采取隔离措施,这会对中国经济造成哪些影响?梁建章:如果是这样,那么,这就不只是传染病学的问题,更是一个综合性的经济和社会问题。如果只从短期来看,那么在某个特殊时段限制外国人入境,给经济直接带来的负面影响似乎相对有限,最多不过是损失了与入境旅行相关的一些产值。但是从长远来看,其负面效应却可能变得非常巨大。比如,经过几十年的发展,中国好不容易占据了世界供应链的重要部分,但如果在今后的一年半载里面,各国的企业家、营销管理人员都无法来到中国,那么中国和全球的连接会越来越弱。而在很多创新领域,中国和全球的合作,早已形成了“你中有我、我中有你”的格局。新京报:你最担心什么?梁建章:我们也必须警惕与世界脱钩的风险,尤其考虑到因为防疫策略不同而造成的脱钩风险。在中美贸易摩擦的背景下,美国政府正千方百计地要和中国脱钩,以打压中国的创新,美国还不断利用外交手段来劝说其他发达国家和中国脱钩。疫情暴发后,美国也是最先禁止中国人入境的国家。今后很可能出现的一种局面是,一方面,中国本身对于疫情的控制做得比较好,另一方面,国外由于采取流感化的措施导致疫情继续蔓延。在这种情况下,中国很可能出于防疫考虑而阻隔和世界各国人员的交流。此举当然有利于防治疫情,却可能在不知不觉中与包括美国在内的世界脱钩,恰好达成了美国原本通过外交手段都难以实现的目标。新京报:与世界“脱钩”会造成哪些风险?梁建章:我认为很重要的一点就是对外交流受到严重影响,这是一个“慢性病”,如果对外交流受到影响,尤其是科学技术的交流,对于多国的经济创新,未来的经济活力等都会受到负面影响。我还是希望能够引起重视,希望可以理性选择如何防范国外输入与对外开放取得一个平衡点。严格区分避免一刀切对外隔离 疫情不会导致中国供应链在一两个月内转移新京报:如何避免中国与世界的脱钩风险?梁建章:要避免这种风险,我们就必须全方位地加强和世界的交流,包括商品交流、信息交流、资金交流和人员交流。在人员交流暂时受阻的情况下,保持信息和资金的开放就变得更加重要。现在有很多海外留学和科研人员不能进行正常的国际旅行,有些教学和科研活动就可以通过国际互联网远程进行,遗憾的是,很多科研教学内容在国内却不能访问。我们应当利用最新的高科技智能过滤手段,更加精准地管控海外互联网内容,尽量避免阻碍非敏感信息的畅通交流。在开放投资方面,可以进一步加大高科技、金融服务、医疗教育等行业的开放力度,让更多像特斯拉这样的高科技企业来中国投资办厂。当然,面对面的交流在很多情况下还是不可替代的。所以在人员交流方面,我们需要严格区分,避免一刀切地切断和国外的交流。如何在防治疫情和人员交流之间找到最佳平衡,将成为中国政府面临的一个难题。新京报:这次疫情会影响中国全球供应链的地位吗?梁建章:会有影响,不过一两个月内不会发生转移。试想一下,如果中国的对外交流退回改革开放之前的水平,那么整个社会将是一种什么状态,经济又会下降到何种水平?经过几十年的发展,中国好不容易占据了世界供应链的重要部分,但如果在今后的一段时间里,各国的企业家、营销管理人员都无法来到中国,那么中国和全球的连接会越来越弱。打个比方,如果马斯克当初来不了中国,又或者抵达中国之后就必须被隔离14天,与此同时,他的管理团队也来不了,还会有后来的特斯拉上海超级工厂吗?新京报:防范脱钩风险方面,有无可以借鉴的案例?梁建章:任何国家都无法承受与全球隔离的代价。当中国以外的主要国家纷纷将新冠肺炎当作流感来应对时,中国也无法独善其身。如何适应这一可能的前景是中国面临的重大挑战和值得深思的议题。如果措施得当中国GDP增长6%可期 建议出台投资、鼓励放开生育等刺激政策新京报:钟南山院士近日判断,疫情基本可以在4月底控制住。这样的话,目前受到重创的旅游、餐饮等消费是否会有报复性增长?梁建章:国内比较乐观,国际不乐观。新京报:尽管国内疫情逐渐得到有效控制,但目前国内经济依然面临压力,去年底大家还在讨论GDP增速如何保住6%的增长,今年来看你认为6%还能保住吗?梁建章:中国的GDP还是要保持一定速度增长。因为我们的人均收入只有美国的1/6,不可能像美国那样增长2%-3%,这是不可以接受的。如果按照这样的增长速度,那么永远追不上美国。不过,如果措施到位的话,6%的增速完全有可能。新京报:你认为应该采取什么措施?梁建章:中国政府可以出台一些政策来刺激经济,比如尽快恢复湖北以外地区的正常经济和社会秩序,推出各种扶持企业渡过难关的政策,以及加大大城市的土地供应和基础设施建设,还有鼓励放开生育等措施。这些政策能够帮助中国经济尽快恢复元气,减少企业倒闭、员工失业等社会不稳定的风险。新京报:目前政府已经针对复工复产推出减税降费的多项措施了,这是不是你所谓的刺激政策?梁建章:这是针对疫情期间的短期措施,谈不上是刺激政策。新京报:你所说的刺激政策是什么?梁建章:需要花钱投资的政策和不怎么花钱的鼓励放开生育等算是刺激政策。新京报:花钱投资在哪?梁建章:花钱要投资在大城市的扩容,这是唯一能获得比较好的回报且不会形成坏账的措施。中国的城市化进程还在继续,以前在很多小城市建小镇,结果形成大量坏账,证明还是大城市更有效。新京报:你说的大城市是指多大规模的城市?梁建章:就是我们常说的一、二线城市。虽然北京、上海等城市针对房价有不少限制措施,但是,增加土地供应多建房可以缓解高房价。如果新建的房子可以针对多子女家庭优惠,那么就会解决很多目前“北漂”“沪漂”等住房问题。新京报:那么,为何建议鼓励放开生育呢?梁建章:人口是长期的问题,随着出生率的连续下降,将来会到一个比较危险的水平。过去中国经济发展最大的优势就是人口规模优势,但现在这种优势正在丧失。所以,人口问题作为长期问题必须现在解决,不可能在想要解决的时候立刻生出一大堆年轻人来。目前,为了提高生育率,政府也在做一些积极的配套政策了。这次疫情对生育率的影响还很难说是正是负,一方面很多人隔离在家,另一方面大家面临的经济压力很大,因此短期内很难判断。新京报:需要出台哪些配套措施?梁建章:先要鼓励放开生育,然后推出一些鼓励性的政策。人力资源投资都需要有一定的投入的,可以是减税的方式投入,也可以是增加婴幼产业的发展等,还有大城市扩容针对多孩家庭购房优惠等。国内旅游业疫后恢复要比国际快 继续支持海航希望它挺过去新京报:2月29日晚间,海航集团突然官宣被政府“接管”并改选董事会,目前携程与海航合作状况如何?是否会受到影响?梁建章:虽然海航面临流动性风险,但携程还是跟海航保持密切合作关系,因为这牵扯到客户如何继续使用海航等很多环节。不得不说,海航是一家优秀的航空公司,尤其是为国际交流做出巨大贡献。我们认为海航现在的经营更专注航空主业,正在向好的方向发展,不过,这次疫情影响了海航的现金流,希望在政府的帮助下海航能够挺过去,我们还是继续保持与海航的合作,继续支持海航。新京报:这次疫情对携程的影响有多大?梁建章:如果疫情控制得好的话,国内市场会逐步恢复,但国际业务可能会因疫情不明朗受到打击。目前,其他国家对中国人出入境有比较严格的限制,整体行业也会受到比较大的冲击。新京报:取消的携程国际订单里,哪些国家或地区最密集?梁建章:目前随着疫情发展,亚洲日韩、美国欧洲等都出现了取消订单,所以,整体来看目前是全面取消。新京报:如果订单持续无新增,携程如何应对?梁建章:携程现金流还比较充裕,目前还没遇到问题,但整个行业会遇到很大的问题。我们将在3月启动整个行业的“复兴计划”,在每一个阶段制定详细的应对措施,迎接挑战。新京报:你在2003年非典时期给公司全体员工写过一封内部信,提到了“非典过后,携程会更好”。那么,这次新冠疫情你还会这么想吗?梁建章:非典时比较有信心,相信能控制住,市场会恢复得比较快。这次疫情,我还是这么想的,相信可以控制住,但是,市场恢复可能不如非典时期快。非典时携程的市场份额还比较小,疫情恢复后,获得了较高的增长。目前携程已经占市场很大的份额,更加依赖整个行业的恢复。所以,我们还是要清醒地说,不可能像非典结束后市场暴涨那么多。我们还是要做好一段时间内艰苦作战的准备。新京报:你预计旅游业多久会恢复?梁建章:长期来看会恢复,但这次疫情会比非典更困难,短期恢复会遇到一定阻力。这是全球的疫情,对全球旅游行业打击巨大,尤其是不同国家采取不同的措施会阻碍国际方面的旅游。而对中国来说,中美贸易摩擦背景下如果中国跟世界经济“脱钩”,风险会进一步增加。大家应该共同努力,避免极端状况的出现。文章选自新京报网,2020年3月2日
2020年3月4日 -
【环球网】苗绿:打造“青年领袖”机制 激发全球青年人才思想力
作者 | 苗绿 全球化智库(CCG)联合创始人兼秘书长当地时间2月14日-16日,第56届慕尼黑安全会议(下称“慕安会”)在德国慕尼黑成功举办。会议期间,2020年慕安会青年领袖论坛(The Munich Young Leaders)作为慕安会的外围论坛同时进行。我以全球化智库(CCG)联合创始人兼秘书长的身份被推荐选为本届慕安会青年领袖,也是本届慕安会上唯一来自中国的“青年领袖”。通过全程参与慕安会青年领袖论坛和多场慕安会主论坛及官方边会,我感受到慕安会对世界青年政策领袖的重视,和这一机制对发掘、培养全球杰出青年人才的重要作用。放眼世界,我们不难发现青年群体对政治的影响力正在逐渐提升,而青年领袖正是未来国际社会的决策制定者和主导者。目前中国还没有一个类似慕安会青年领袖论坛的青年领袖机制,对安全战略领域的青年人才的发现与培养还较为薄弱。慕安会素有“北约的派对”、“跨大西洋晴雨表”之称。本届慕安会更是吸引了来自政、商、学等各领域超过500名全球高级别的决策者和研究人员参加,包括数十名国家元首和政府首脑,上百名各国防长和外长,可以说是目前全球公开政治论坛中规格最高的活动。本届慕安会围绕 “西方缺失”(Westlessness)的主题以及当前国际热点问题展开讨论。中国国务委员兼外交部部长王毅作为中方代表应邀出席会议,并于15日发表主旨演讲。第十三届全国人民代表大会外事委员会副主任委员傅莹, CCG理事长、国务院参事王辉耀和中国南海研究院院长、CCG特邀高级研究员吴士存等中方嘉宾参会。然而,规格高、影响大仅是慕安会的亮点之一。它对青年人才的重视更透露出其着眼于未来世界安全政策的长远目光。慕安会青年领袖项目是德国科尔伯基金会与慕尼黑安全峰会官方共同合作设立的项目。它以慕安会为依托,严格遴选25位来自世界各国的40岁以下杰出青年政策人才,并为其提供一个交流和成长的国际平台,客观上也对国际社会未来在主流安全防务和国际政策方面提供人才储备。自2009年以来,慕安会青年领袖论坛已连续举办12届,共有位来自60多个国家的270多位青年精英成为慕安会青年领袖,其中包括多位国家部长、国会议员、高级官员和来自全球知名机构的顶级国际问题专家。他们来自不同的领域,包括政府、国家和地方议员、社会组织、学术机构、智库和企业等。多元化的思想碰撞也为慕安会带来了更多创新力量。作为本届慕安会的青年领袖之一,我不仅在本次论坛上与包括德国国防部长Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer、新加坡国防部部长黄永宏(Ng Eng Hen)、印度外交部长Subrahmanyam Jaishankar、第十三届全国人民代表大会外事委员会副主任委员傅莹、沙特阿拉伯外交大臣费萨尔(Pris Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud)、美国国家人工智能安全委员会主席Eric Schmidt及挪威前首相Gro Harlem Brundtland等在内的多位慕安会重要嘉宾进行对话、直接向他们提问交流,还参加了慕安会主论坛与众多官方边会。在各场讨论中,我都享有对主讲嘉宾的优先提问权。这一机制不仅能活跃论坛气氛,吸引更多群体关注,还可以帮助国际社会挖掘来自全球的杰出青年人才,激发更多思想力与创新力。同时,慕安会青年领袖论坛还是一种固定的网络机制,通过这一机制,主办方每年都会组织历届入选的青年领袖在不同国家进行年度聚会和研讨,在提升他们的个人影响力的同时,创造更多可能性。慕安会青年领袖选拔标准十分严格,并且每年入选的25位青年领袖几乎都来自不同国家。今年的慕安会青年领袖中包括了来自日本、意大利、匈牙利、欧盟等国家和地区的多位议员以及其他在安全政策领域的杰出青年人才(名单附后),而往届被选为慕安会青年领袖的还有捷克第一副总理兼内务部长Jan Hamáček、爱沙尼亚外交部部长Sven Mikser、英国国会下院议员Alan Mak、法国外交部分析、预测与战略中心(CAPS)跨领域与安全事务主任Jean-Baptiste Jeangène Vilmer、美国布鲁金斯学会高级研究员Amanda Sloat等。这些青年领袖对国家和区域的安全政策制定有着一定影响力,并有着巨大的发展潜力。慕安会青年领袖们在论坛上的一言一行都代表着国家形象,使这一机制也成为了国家开展民间外交的有效方式。通过论坛活动,来自全球的青年领袖们彼此之间可以自由交流、建立长期联系,同时也可与全球政治领袖进行互动,这种有效且国际社会接受的民间外交形式有利于各国加深相互了解,促进国际秩序和平发展。作为发掘和培养具有洞察力和大局观的国际青年人才的有效方式,青年领袖机制已被各大国际论坛广泛应用。除慕安会青年领袖论坛外,世界经济论坛(达沃斯论坛)的青年领袖论坛也具有极高的国际知名度与影响力;在阿塞拜疆首都巴库举行的全球巴库论坛也设有青年领袖机制。此外,我在2019年还作为国际嘉宾参加了阿登纳基金会组织的德国第一大党基民盟举办的青年领袖大会;在2016年时还曾应比利时国王邀请,作为唯一来自东北亚的青年领袖,参加了有亚洲协会在布鲁塞尔举办的欧洲美洲亚洲智库论坛,是比利时国王在皇宫亲自接见的七位全球青年领袖代表之一。通过多次作为青年领袖参加国际论坛的经历,我认为青年领袖机制已经成为国家参与全球治理、承担国际责任、建立国际交流渠道的重要途径,未来中国也应更加积极应用和发展这一机制。第一,参考慕安会青年领袖论坛经验建立青年领袖机制,发现和培养全球杰出青年人才。慕安会青年领袖论坛表面上是民间基金会与慕安会官方合作举办,但在遴选的过程中也有德国大使馆等政府机构参与,实际为国家进行国际合作也提供了很大帮助。中国完全可以参考这种模式,在“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛、中国发展高层论坛、亚洲文明对话大会和博鳌亚洲论坛等大型国际论坛上分别建立与论坛相互配合的青年领袖论坛机制,从全球挖掘和推选杰出青年领袖,加强对青年群体的重视与培养,提升对国际人才的吸引力和凝聚力。第二,对各大国际论坛的青年领袖选拔活动予以更多重视,鼓励中国杰出青年积极参与此类活动,向世界展示中国的正面形象。目前国内对达沃斯青年领袖和博鳌亚洲论坛的青年圆桌较为了解,但这两个论坛在选拔青年领袖时涉及的领域较广,侧重点不在于国际关系与国际事务,特别是对未来国际政治和安全领域的决策者不够突出。因此,未来中国可从发现和培养具有未来全球领袖潜质青年人才的角度出发,鼓励国内相关领域的优秀青年参与这些国际论坛的青年领袖项目,通过他们开展民间外交,更好地讲述中国的发展故事。第三,民间机构应积极参与杰出青年的推介和遴选和相关组织工作。民间机构往往具有更广泛的交际圈和更丰富的人才资源,同时也更符合国际惯例。鼓励和支持更多民间机构的杰出青年参与各大国际论坛的青年领袖项目,有利于通过民间外交的方式树立中国正面的国际形象,提升中国在全球治理中的参与度和参与能力。青年人是未来推动世界发展的主力军,更是构建全球化新秩序的主要创新力量。我们需要对青年群体更加重视,并鼓励和帮助他们站上国际舞台展现自己的风采。通过“青年领袖机制”,全球青年人才会在思想碰撞中闪耀出更灿烂的光芒,会在交流互鉴中开创全球化新时代更美好的未来。文章选自环球网,2020年3月3日【相关链接】CCG秘书长苗绿受邀参加慕安会青年领袖论坛CCG Secretary-General joins the Munich Young Leaders
2020年3月4日 -
华为技术有限公司
2020年3月3日 -
王缉思:评估美国对华政策的根本性转变
专家简介王缉思,全球化智库(CCG)学术委员会专家,北京大学国际战略研究院院长。2020年1月25日,《中国国际战略评论》(2020)英文版刊登北京大学国际战略研究院院长、清华大学战略与安全研究中心学术委员王缉思老师文章《评估美国对华政策的根本性转变》。清华大学战略与安全研究中心将文章摘要和引言摘译如下:摘要 奥巴马第二任期内,美国对华政策转向强硬,到特朗普上台时变得更为敌对。四个因素可能引起这一激烈的变化:(1)两国力量对比在向中国倾斜;(2)不断加深的意识形态差异;(3)经济利益的冲突;(4)中国被视为美国国内政治的替罪羊。尽管这四种因素结合起来可以解释美国政策的转变,但作者认为最近十年中国不断变化的行为对于重塑美国对华态度影响更大。未来,中美关系可能进一步恶化,但观察人士希望两国能避免暴力对抗。 引言 自1989年冷战结束至2016年奥巴马任期结束,美国追求两面的对华政策。一方面,加深扩大与中国的接触,尤其在诸如贸易、金融、教育、技术、文化和气候变化、环境保护等此类非国家安全问题上。另一方面,在传统安全领域,美国也采取了很多遏制阻碍中国的举动。这反映在其对众多安全危机的回应上,包括1995至1996年台海危机及随后的李登辉访美、1999年轰炸中国驻南联盟大使馆和2001年中美南海撞击事件。为回应美国人认为的中国国内“侵犯人权”情况,美国对华态度也暂时性转向强硬。尽管中美关系起起伏伏,但冷战后这些年,华盛顿仍刻意保持着对华政策合作与遏制两面的平衡。2003至2005年可以说是两国关系的全盛期:北京和华盛顿都认为这是双边关系历史上“最好的时期”,并都认同对方是“负责任的利益攸关方”。经历前述危机后,两国很快便恢复了交往的动力。Assessing the radical transformation of U.S. policy toward ChinaAbstractU.S. policy toward China hardened during the second Obama Administration and has become more hostile since Donald Trump took power in Washington. Four factors may be causing this drastic change: (1) the shifting of power between the two countries in favor of China; (2) increased ideological differences between them; (3) conflicting economic interests; and (4) China being seen as a scapegoat in U.S. domestic politics. While a combination of the four factors can help explain the transformation of U.S. policy, the author argues that the changing behavior of China in the recent decade has been more influential in reshaping U.S. attitudes. The China–U.S. relationship may further deteriorate in the coming years, but observers are hopeful that the two giants can avoid violent confrontation.IntroductionFrom the end of the Cold War in 1989 until the conclusion of the Obama Administration in 2016, the United States pursued a double-sided policy toward China. On one hand, the U.S. deepened and expanded its engagement with China, especially in the realms of trade, finance, education, technology, culture, and nontraditional security issues such as climate change and environment. On the other hand, constraining and preventive actions featured prominently in America’s strategy toward China in traditional security areas, as reflected in its responses to a number of security crises, including the striking tensions over the Taiwan Strait in 1995–1996 following Taiwanese leader Lee Tung-hui’s U.S. visit, the bombing of China’s embassy in Yugoslavia in 1999, and the crash of a U.S. spy plane and a Chinese fighter in the South China Sea in 2001. U.S. attitudes toward China were also temporarily hardened in response to what Americans referred to as “violations of human rights” in China.A delicate balance between the two sides—cooperation and constraint—of America’s China policy since the end of the Cold War was intentionally maintained in Washington despite the ups and downs of China–U.S. relations during those years. The heyday of the relationship might arguably be the years of 2003–2005, which were praised in both Beijing and Washington as the “best period” in history for the bilateral relationship during which both accepted each other as “responsible stakeholders.” Soon after each of the aforementioned crises, the two countries were able to restore the momentum of their interaction.“Qualitative change” of U.S. policy toward ChinaRadical changes have taken place in U.S.–China policy since December 2016 when Donald Trump was elected president of the United States. In reality, however, the downturn spiral of China–U.S. relations began to take shape during the first Obama Administration (2009–2012) and accelerated in his second term (2013–2016) (Wang and Hu 2019). The Obama Administration’s reaction to China’s proposal for establishing a “new type of major power relations” shifted from welcoming the idea to showing more hesitation and reservation. The issues of the East and South China Seas territorial disputes, bilateral trade deficit, and cybersecurity stood out in Washington’s list of its principal concerns regarding China, and these issues continue to be prominent in the relationship today (Wang and Wu 2014).The drastic transformation of Washington’s China policy is striking in both rhetoric and action. In rhetoric, China has been defined as the main “strategic rival” and “competitor” of the United States in the “National Security Strategy” report and several other authoritative documents submitted by the Trump Administration (The White House 2017), as well as speeches delivered by leaders of the Trump Administration and the U.S. Congress. Vice President Michael Pence made two lengthy speeches, respectively, on October 4, 2018, and October 24, 2019, vehemently denouncing China’s domestic and foreign policies. It was very unusual for a U.S. vice president to make such a public statement targeting a foreign government. In both speeches, Vice President Pence referred to “many of Beijing’s policies most harmful to America’s interests and values, from China’s debt diplomacy and military expansionism; its repression of people of faith; construction of a surveillance state; and, of course, to China’s arsenal of policies inconsistent with free and fair trade, including tariffs, quotas, currency manipulation, forced technology transfer, and industrial subsidies” (The White House 2019). Pence also put pressure on American multinational corporations, which he said “have kowtowed to the lure of China’s money and markets by muzzling not only criticism of the Chinese Communist Party, but even affirmative expressions of American values” (The White House 2019). These American documents and announcements have repeatedly confirmed that the United States will engage in long-term, comprehensive strategic competition with China in a "whole-of-government" approach.In action, the U.S. government has launched all-out confrontational activities against China, including initiating the trade war; undermining Chinese high-tech enterprises represented by Huawei Technologies, restricting bilateral educational, scientific and technological and cultural exchanges with China; stepping up “freedom of navigation” operations in the South China Sea; strengthening defense cooperation with Asia–Pacific countries such as Japan, India, and Australia aimed at China; designing and operating what Washington calls the strategy of “a free and open Indo-Pacific” (U.S. Department of Defense 2019); dispatching high-ranking officials for political and military exchanges with the Taiwan authorities; selling advanced weaponry to Taiwan; and supporting Hong Kong’s “peaceful demonstrations” and protests that Beijing censures. The U.S. Department of Justice created a “China initiative” task force to crack down on alleged espionage (U.S. Department of Justice 2019). In November 2019, President Trump signed the "Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act of 2019" passed by Congress. The enforcement of this Act may seriously hamper China’s interests.Since the China–U.S. rapprochement in the early 1970s, American pronouncements and actions with regard to the People’s Republic of China (PRC) have never been so aggressively and blatantly negative. While some of the previous U.S. words and actions constituted “quantitative” changes in the U.S. approach, there is little doubt that the Trump Administration’s pronouncements and actions listed above mark a “qualitative” or fundamental change of America’s China policy from a more or less balanced one in which high pressure was offset by cooperation to an off-balance approach centered on rivalry and competition. Policy analysts in China should not underestimate the danger of this critical change with a false hope that it is only provisional and could be reversed.Mr. Kevin Rudd, former prime minister of Australia and a statesman well connected with both Beijing and Washington, pointed out in January 2019 that it was concluded in the United States in 2018 that China had become a strategic adversary, “and therefore the time had well and truly come for a fundamental adjustment in US national strategy.” Rudd further remarked soberly that “(t)he United States, including its political establishment, both Republican and Democrat, its national security establishment, the foreign and intelligence policy communities, as well as American business across most sectors of the economy, have concluded that China is not becoming more internationalist in its policy direction, but instead is becoming progressively more nationalist and mercantilist” (Rudd 2019).Rudd’s observation was echoed by Demetri Sevastopulo in the Financial Times: “Support for this change in approach has a broad base in the U.S. Officials across the U.S. government have become significantly more hawkish towards China—over everything from human rights, politics and business to national security. At the same time, U.S. companies and academics who once acted as a buffer against the harshest views are now far less sanguine” (Sevastopulo 2019).Causes of the change: four different perspectivesThe deterioration of China–U.S. relations, as demonstrated by the negative shift in America’s approach to China, has been interpreted in many different ways. Four perspectives are often offered by observers.The first perspective is essentially related to the contention of power and status. Many commentators in China, the United States, and elsewhere believe that the growth of China’s national wealth, military capabilities, and international influence poses a huge challenge to U.S. hegemony in the world. The “iron logic of power” predetermines America’s response. To maintain its primacy in global affairs that the United States has enjoyed for many decades, especially since the end of the Cold War, it will take whatever measures it can to “contain” China as long as China continues to enhance its power and status. This contention will be intensified regardless of what the PRC does internally and externally, whatever ideology or values it preserves, or whether it will turn out to be more democratic and pluralistic in its social system.This perspective is held fundamentally by international relations specialists like Professor John Mearsheimer of the University of Chicago. Interestingly, Mearsheimer, along with the “hard realist school” thought he represents in observing international relations, appears to be more popular among Chinese intellectuals and students than among his readers and audiences in America. Professor Graham Allison of Harvard University likened strategic competition between China and the United Sates today to the “Thucydides’s Trap.” He quoted the judgment of the ancient Greek historian Thucydides on the cause of the Peloponnesian War: “It was the rise of Athens, and the fear that this instilled in Sparta, that made war inevitable.” Allison pointed out that China is a rising power, whereas the United States is an established power, and therefore, they might fall into this tragic trap as other states in history did (Allison 2017).The second perspective focuses on the competition between political systems, values, and rules of the two countries. To some political liberals in the United States and mainstream Communist Party officials, ideological differences between the two bodies’ politic are irreconcilable. It is a popular view in American think tanks and government agencies that tightened political control, ideological indoctrination, and suppression of dissension by the Communist Party in recent years, as well as Beijing’s propaganda abroad of the “China model” constitute the main causes of America’s worries and apprehensions about China. People holding this view argue that the United States would welcome a more prosperous China should it embark on a path that is congruent with American values. Today, however, China’s model features what is called “state capitalism” that is in sharp contrast with America’s free market economy. The development path of China appeals to an increasing number of developing countries through its Belt and Road Initiative and other channels.Though a political realist, Graham Allison also stresses that the major differences in cultural values and domestic politics between China and the United States are a key factor that might lead the two countries into the “Thucydides’s Trap.” Allison emphasizes that “America’s government was conceived as a democratic republic, whereas China’s—under the Qing emperors and Communist Party leaders—might best be characterized as responsive authoritarianism.” He concludes that “(c)ompeting conceptions of political legitimacy have become a sore point of US-China relations” (Graham Allison, p. 143). Some other Americans worry that the conflict between values represented by the “Chinese Dream,” which highlights loyalty to the state, and those represented by the “American Dream,” which underscores individualism, will expand into various fields. For example, they are worried that artificial intelligence and 5G technology developed by China may not only threaten the national security of the United States but also infringe on privacy and personal freedom of the American people.The promotion of U.S. national interests, in particular economic interests, provides the third perspective to interpret the Americans’ high-handed policy toward China. Indeed, those Americans who are doing business with China are complaining about Chinese practices such as violation of intellectual property rights, trade barriers, opaque and unfair economic regulations, and inadequate market access. But their motivation is to make more profits in China rather than to disrupt China’s economic growth. President Donald Trump, in particular, is keen on reducing the trade deficit with China that has allegedly incurred growing losses for the United States. If the purchasing power of China declines, U.S. companies such as Boeing and Apple Inc. will lose a large portion of their markets. In the high-tech fields, the United States attempts to maintain its edge by sanctioning Huawei and other Chinese companies. In addition, the depiction of China being a formidable military threat has served the interests of the U.S. military–industrial complex, which can thus secure a larger order from Washington.Looking into America’s domestic political landscape presents the fourth perspective. The United States has become embroiled in endless political squabbles at home, which are exacerbated by a widening gap between the rich and the poor, racial and ethnic tensions, debates on immigration, and the rise of populism and nationalism reinforcing each other. Political polarization is pulling the general public and social elites apart. Under such circumstances, President Trump is holding high the banner of “America first” and “make America great again” to mobilize his supporters and boost American morale. It becomes a convenient political weapon to blame other nations for America’s own problems. China, therefore, has become an easy target, a scapegoat for American failures in manufacturing and technological competitiveness. The incumbent U.S. government is wielding sanctions worldwide, and its “maximum pressure on China” is aimed at undermining the prestige and legacy of President Trump’s Democratic predecessor Barack Obama and other Democrats. Meanwhile, Democratic leaders like Congresswoman Nancy Pelosi are accusing the Trump Administration of ignoring China’s record of human rights and religious freedom.Each of the four interpretations of the recent hardening of America’s China policy is rational in its own way. Obviously, any single-dimensional analysis would lose sight of the whole scene and be lopsided. Only through a comprehensive understanding of all four perspectives can we fully grasp the issue. However, it is the mutual reinforcement of the first and second dimensions, i.e., the fear of China’s rising power, especially its military prowess and technological edge, and the concern about Beijing’s fortification of the Communist Party’s reign over the economy and society, that are crucial in shaping U.S. hostilities toward China. In other words, the combination of China’s increased capabilities and its intent to use them against American political values make Chinese behavior no longer tolerable to Americans.Traditionally, the “realist school” of American strategic thinking, usually represented by the Republicans who stress national economic and security interests, is balanced by the “liberalist school,” more often upheld by the Democrats who highlight U.S. ideals. Now that China is regarded as adamantly challenging both U.S. interests and values, the conservatives and the liberals tend to be coordinating with each other to cope with China. The recent American uproars about Beijing’s policies toward Xinjiang and Hong Kong indicate that even without U.S. interests being challenged, Americans may still do harm to Beijing. Meanwhile, the simple fact that China continues to gain more material power may not necessarily generate a strong U.S. reaction. To this extent, the second perspective as discussed above may cast the darkest shadow over U.S. policy toward China. The third perspective, focusing on economic interests, and the fourth perspective, looking into American domestic politics, are important variables, but they are not vital and constant in influencing the overall U.S. attitude toward China.China as a decisive factorThe Chinese saying, “one palm alone cannot clap,” is matched by the English proverb, “it takes two to tango.” The simple and clear fact in the China–U.S. relationship today is that China, with its growing power and expanding influence, is playing an increasingly important role.Historically, when China was much weaker than the United States, it was, more often than not, mainly the changes inside China that shaped the contour of the bilateral relationship. The most salient proof of this paradox was seen in the dramatic transformation of China after the Communist Party took power in 1949. China then adopted the socialist system on the domestic front and leaned to the Soviet Union in foreign affairs. In response, the U.S. carried out a hostile policy toward the PRC marked by military containment, diplomatic isolation, and economic blockade. In another case, despite the thaw of China–U.S. relations in the early 1970s, it was not until China’s embarking on reform and opening after 1978 that the two nations began to establish comprehensive political, economic, and security cooperation and humanity exchanges. Taking a broader view, the United States is more of a constant, whereas China is more of a variable, in the relationship. In other words, the major shifts in China’s domestic politics could make a direct impact on, or even turn the tide of, the China–U.S. relationship, but U.S. domestic politics has not played such a role.Now, once more, it is mainly China’s power and behavior that cause a shift in the bilateral ties. The Americans are alarmed by China’s expanding global influence exemplified by the Belt and Road Initiative, its reinforcement of the role of the state in economy and society, as well as the amalgamation of the Communist Party leadership and its ideology. The current trade friction is only a reflection of the deep-rooted and growing divide in political values, power structures, and national goals between the two giants.A number of American analysts point to the changes in China and its policies as the decisive factor that precipitated the shift in U.S. policy. For example, Demetri Sevastopulo argued in the Financial Times that it was China’s introduction of a series of aggressive initiatives aimed at expanding China’s political and economic clout on a global scale, as well as its new industrial programs and new devices to solidify the Communist Party’s stronghold at home, that triggered a sharp and startling response from the United States (Sevastopulo 2019). Kurt Campbell and Ely Ratner, two former senior U.S. officials, deplored the failures of Americans either to “mold China to the United States’ liking” or even to correctly predict China’s trajectory. They noted that “China has instead pursued its own course, belying a range of American expectations in the process,” and concluded that “that reality warrants a clear-eyed rethinking of the United States’ approach to China” (Campbell and Ratner 2018).Noting the role of China in shaping U.S. perceptions and behavior about China, one may find that a “qualitative change” in America’s China policy does not necessarily result in a fundamental change in their bilateral relationship. Much depends on what the PRC leadership thinks and does. To be sure, the response from Chinese media—both official and social media—to America’s recent rhetoric and actions is full of indignation, disproval, and determination to retaliate. But thus far, Beijing has not yet officially acknowledged the drastic transformation of U.S. policy toward China, or has it in any official statement redefined its policy toward the United States. President Xi Jinping has emphasized that “the two countries have a thousand reasons to grow the relationship and none whatsoever to wreck it” (Wang 2019). State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi recognized in September 2019 that “China-US relations have once again come to a crossroads.” He noticed that “some people are using every means to depict China as a major adversary, marketing their prophecy that the relationship is doomed to fall into the Thucydides Trap or the Clash of Civilizations Trap, and they even clamor for a full 'decoupling' with China.” However, Wang Yi called for the two countries to “jointly advance the China-US relationship based on coordination, cooperation and stability” (Wang 2019). Faced with the maximum pressure from the United States, Ren Zhengfei, CEO of Huawei Technologies, said adamantly, “we are diametrically opposed to populism and narrow nationalism. Economic globalization requires cooperation and win–win.” (see e.g., Ren 2019).From Beijing’s point of view, everything that the Chinese leadership has done, both domestically and internationally, has been completely justified, as it serves the long-term goal of preserving the Communist Party’s rule, which in turn serves the interest of the whole Chinese nation. On one hand, the consistency of China’s policy toward the United States, unperturbed by what the Americans have said and done, is an important stabilizing factor, as this policy would not seek to rock the boat of the relationship by carrying out a tit-for-tat strategy. On the other hand, it also means that Beijing is not ready to change its behavior which has been tenacious in the last few years, including those practices the Americans deprecate. In other words, Beijing is not expected to make major concessions to Washington. Instead, it hopes that American policymakers will eventually change course when they fail to pay the price of confronting China.To China’s political elites, the United States, since the founding of the People’s Republic in 1949, has pursued the goals of challenging the legitimacy of Communist Party leadership, undermining China’s social stability, and supporting separatist forces. In recent years, the U.S. has stepped up its efforts to sabotage the Chinese government, following their sinister plans to stage “Arab spring” or “color revolutions” in the Middle East and former socialist countries. In the eyes of those Chinese who harbor deep distrust of U.S. intentions, the trade war and other anti-China activities are driven by a grand strategy to derail China’s road to socialism and safeguard Western values. This perception is deep-rooted and will not change in the foreseeable future.Hopes to avoid catastropheThe United States has now identified China as a major external threat, while its bonds with other countries are debilitated. China seems unruffled in its march toward becoming a global game-changer defiant against Western values, while consolidating the Communist Party rule. In the foreseeable future, the qualitative change in the United States’ China policy, characterized by cavalier pressure and constraint, is most likely to persist, and its implications may penetrate even more deeply into America’s internal affairs and broadly in its foreign relations. If China insists on its path of ideologically driven growth and political structure, the bilateral relationship may experience a significant transformation, allowing people to see the essence of the China–U.S. relationship more clearly, belying its entire complicity and ambiguity. A tentative “trade deal” is possible, but further deterioration in the overall relationship is on the horizon. Therefore, what are the hopes for avoiding the worst-case scenario that would bring the two nations into a violent conflict?Every cloud has a silver lining. Once increased tariffs on both China and America lead to substantial losses, American companies and economic officials will discover that damages to production chains and departure from the Chinese market are not worth the cost. They will have to reevaluate the consequences of trade frictions and make readjustments. Thomas Friedman, a distinguished columnist of The New York Times, was alarmed by the bad omen of possible economic and technological decoupling between the United States and China. In June 2019, he proposed that a summit between President Donald Trump and President Xi Jinping should take place as soon as possible to ease the tensions, supposing that, “(o)ur goal should be to move China toward global best practices on all these issues, not to isolate it and create a bifurcated world economy, internet and technology market” (Friedman 2019).Recent public opinions in the United States have grown unfavorable toward China. However, the foundation of U.S.–China relations built up over the past 40 years since the establishment of bilateral diplomatic relations will not easily break down. Even in the current atmosphere, many U.S. state and local governments as well as enterprises remain enthusiastic about expanding their economic engagement with China. In addition, numerous American strategists, diplomats, analysts, and scholars are still trying to maintain close communication with their Chinese counterparts, although some of them are understandably reticent in public due to the present strains in U.S.–China ties. On the part of Washington’s policymakers, Vice President Pence in his second speech on China, given on October 24, 2019, reaffirmed the “hawkish” line of the Trump Administration’s China policy. He nonetheless softened the line a little bit by stating that “(w)e are not seeking to contain China’s development. We want a constructive relationship with China’s leaders, like we have enjoyed for generations with China’s people.” Pence went further to deny the Trump Administration’s plans to “decouple” from China, but insisted that the engagement should be “in a manner consistent with fairness, mutual respect, and the international rules of commerce” (The White House 2019).A lot of statesmen and strategists around the globe have foreseen the disaster that a China–U.S. strategic confrontation might bring to the world, and they are increasingly concerned. Christine Lagarde, then managing director of the International Monetary Fund, repeatedly warned that mutual tariffs between the two largest economies of the world would have a negative impact on the recovery of the global economy which was already unstable (Lawder 2019). Singapore’s Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong remarked in his keynote speech to the Shangri-La Dialogue in May 2019 that “(t)he bottom line is that the U.S. and China need to work together, and with other countries too, to bring the global system up to date, and to not upend the system. To succeed in this, each must understand the other’s point of view, and reconcile each other’s interests” (Lee 2019). In practice, Malaysia, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and several other countries have already agreed to involve Huawei into their 5G network construction against the will of the United States. In March 2019, Italy became the first country in the Western world to formally join the Belt and Road Initiative, defying the opposition of the United States. Kevin Rudd, together with a number of former heads of the Western governments, openly expressed worries about the impact of the China–U.S. trade war: “Beyond trade, we are anxious about the wider strategic impact of any further decoupling of the Chinese and the American economies, particularly in technology and finance. So much of the world’s current prosperity and stability has rested on the connections between these two great countries—and the integration of their markets with the rest of the world. Such a decoupling would present a long-term threat to global peace and security (Rudd et al 2019)”.Both China and America are undergoing dramatic domestic transformation, the direction of which will determine whether, and how, they can find a way to rehabilitate the links that have benefited the two countries over the last 40 years. China is changing more rapidly than America and will continue to change at its own pace and on its chosen path. To dodge a potential fatal confrontation, the two countries should engage each other in benign competition with the goal of facilitating satisfied and just societies and earning the respect of the rest of the world.文章选自清华大学战略与安全研究中心,2020年2月25日
2020年2月29日 -
薛澜:疫情恰好发生在应急管理体系的转型期
专家简介薛澜,全球化智库(CCG)学术委员会专家,清华大学苏世民书院院长。● ● ●除了数十位医疗系统顶级专家,公共管理领域的资深专家薛澜也出现在全国新型冠状病毒肺炎专家组的名单上。在突发的重大公共卫生事件中,医疗系统首当其冲,前赴后继,但诸多复杂的社会管理问题也需要专业判断和科学应对。日前,《知识分子》连线清华大学文科资深教授、苏世民书院院长薛澜,请他从应急管理的角度谈一谈在新冠肺炎疫情中暴露出来的问题以及他的思考。“抗疫是一场遭遇战,在与看不见的病毒作战中,有两种人压力最大”,薛澜谈道,一是奋战在救治病人生死一线的医生护士,她们前赴后继,是新时代最可爱的人,真正体现了救死扶伤的人道主义的光辉;二是疫情防控一线辛勤工作的各级公共管理者和决策者。“面对复杂的疫情变化,以及层出不穷的社会管理问题,他们要承受来自上级部门和社会等等各个方面的压力。面对具有极大不确定性的疫情,他们做任何决策都有可能受到指责与批评。”薛澜表示,应给予公共管理者多一些理解和敬意。谈及疫情高压和舆情汹涌之下的湖北省地方主官中途被问责和调整职位,薛澜表示,此次重大疫情对于任何管理者都是前所未有的挑战。有的领导者在常态下可能是非常好的管理者,但在危机情况下就可能不适合。还有的领导可能在经济金融领域很有经验,但对公共卫生领域了解不多,也可能会导致决策失误。这其实也反映在中国这样一个转型时期作为地方政府主官所需要的综合素质要求是很高的。 他进一步谈道,“任何有经验的将军突然面对一类全新的战役都是很难的,更何况各级党政干部很少真正经历过危机管理的实战。即使现在以第三方的形式去试图做一个公共管理过程的回顾分析,其实也很困难,因为很多过程中的信息不了解。但这样的分析有必要,因为一旦疫情过去,人们便可能对“抗疫”过程中暴露的问题不再感兴趣,甚至遗忘,而无法达到应有的汲取教训的目的。”以下为访谈问答。INTERVIEW01应急管理跨部门协调难题有解吗?《知识分子》:目前政府面对应急事件的跨部门协调机制是怎样的?是否需要一个可以牵起所有部门的“前线指挥部”?薛 澜:跨部门协调始终是中国治理体系的难题,在本次疫情中也更集中地显现出来了,例如物资调配、经济生产与防控平衡等等问题。2003年之前,中国的应急管理基本是部门主导,重大事件成立一个综合性的指挥部。2003年“非典”之后,国家在这个方面做了大量工作,比较系统地重构了我们的应急管理体系。据当时的国务院秘书长华建敏同志后来回忆,在2003-2008年间,光是国务院层面关于应急管理的会议就开了一百多次,最后形成了“一案三制”为基础的新一代的应急管理架构。其中体制方面就是在国务院和地方政府办公厅层面设置应急管理办公室,平时负责推进应急管理体系建设工作,如预案制定工作,一旦出现重大紧急情况便协助中央领导应急指挥。这个体制的优点是,应急管理办公室隶属政府办公厅,平时和其他部门交流合作也很多,从顶层来协调各个部门比较方便。但这次疫情出现的时间点其实比较“寸”,2018年党政改革,在国务院层面设立了专门的应急管理部,体现了中央对应急管理工作的高度重视。这个机构的职责相比国务院办公厅下的应急管理办公室更“实”了,应该更有利于应对各种突发事件。但新产生的矛盾是,应急管理部和其他部委是平行的,再去协调这些部门就比较困难了。其次,应急管理部在四大类的突发事件中,主责是自然灾害和生产安全两类,公共卫生事件和社会安全事件目前还是由卫健委和政法委来主要负责。应急管理部如何在后两类事件的应对中发挥作用,目前还没有理清楚,处于体系转换中,所以,专职的应急管理机构没有能够在本次应对疫情中发挥更大作用。《知识分子》:今后应该如何理顺和解决应急管理中的部门协调问题?薛 澜:我建议在中央层面有一个常设的中央应急管理委员会。应急管理部作为委员会的办公室,日常工作主要集中在风险防范上,一旦出现重大紧急情况,就可以直接转换为中央的应急指挥部。在地方上也应如此。这次应对新冠肺炎,除了武汉市和湖北省的指挥部外,在国务院层面上有一个联防联控机制,但其工作机制和力度与指挥部相比还是不如的。所以我们的实战指挥体系有好几个层级,也产生了新的一类协调成本。比较理想的是在一开始就从平时管理转成战时管理,设立一个中央地方统一的 “前敌指挥部”,有国家层面和省市层面的领导坐镇,随时根据情况变化进行分析、判断、决策,指挥整体战役。02政治动员成本巨大,应赋予地方更大主动权《知识分子》:许多公众认为,疫情早期,湖北地方政府及卫生机构主动担责的积极性没有被调动起来,丧失了在第一时间干预的时机,因为大家都不清楚自己的具体职责究竟是什么,您怎么看这个问题?薛 澜:我觉得这次疫情比较特殊的一个情况就是,这个病毒的传染性非常强,其在较短时间所感染的人群数量是任何一个医疗体系都很难来承担的。武汉和湖北省在早期判断上确实存在失误(最近有新的调查表明,不排除人为掩盖事实的可能,需要彻底调查清楚),至少从公开信息来看,1月初他们还认为人传人的可能性不大,而随后感染人数迅速攀升,完全没有思想准备。在医护人员和物资都没有配备到位的情况下,整个系统基本失序。这次医护人员的感染率之高也是惊人的,这很大程度上也是因为各医院一开始对疫情都不是很清楚,仓促上阵,很多防护措施也没有跟上。其实,我们各级政府应该是有公共卫生突发事件的应急预案的,事件发生后谁的职责是什么应该规定的比较清楚。但可惜的是我们很多的预案并没有真正下功夫,更没有真刀真枪演练过,所以事件真正来了感觉就乱了。关于早期地方政府的作为方面,目前大家的疑问是,即使在人传人可能性不大的情况下,地方政府为什么没有发布相关消息让大家提高警惕呢?如果从《传染病防治法》来看,国家确实是规定了只能由国务院主管部门(或其授权地方政府相关部门)来发布疫情的。不过《突发事件应对法》第43条规定,地方政府在突发事件“即将发生或者发生的可能性增大时”可以发布预警。但是除了台风预警外,很少有地方政府来行使这个权力。这其实又涉及到一个更大的行政文化问题,我们是厌恶风险的,政府不愿意报道不好的消息,我们的主流报道总是说好的一面,不利的事情也要从正面说。从更深层次来说这也有中国吉庆文化的因素,不愿意坦诚面对风险和不利情况。另一方面,在一个权力高度集中的行政体系内,在上层领导没有明确指示的情况下,基层单位(如医院)也不愿意超出自己的职责范围去采取行动来为应对风险做准备,因为擅自行动反而自己要承担风险和责任。所以从更广义的角度看,我们必须思考如何完善体系,让地方官员对老百姓负责和对上级领导负责能够统一起来。这就涉及到在权力比较集中的治理体系中的另一个大问题——地方政府究竟应该具有多大的权力?权力高度集中的好处是,上级领导一旦下达指令,下级各层都会快速行动起来。但很多紧急情况下,上级领导没有及时的信息,或者信息不全、不准、没有做出及时的反应,这时地方政府能不能根据自己的分析判断行动起来?如果错了能不能够得到宽容谅解?如果这次新冠肺炎就是和普通流感一样,对公众健康没有太大威胁,但地方政府一下子封了城,对经济运行产生影响,老百姓也会骂声连天,过后也是必然会被问责的。但是,如果地方政府有更多更大的自主权,他们就没有办法依靠或指望上级政府的指令了,必须自主地分析情况做出判断。《知识分子》:我们有没有可能在目前这个自上而下的体制中增加老百姓的反馈作为一个官员评判机制,以避免他们只对领导负责?薛 澜:目前我们也有各种公众和社会反馈机制,但不系统不直接,而且这些反馈还是要通过上级政府发挥作用。而在中国这样一个巨大且复杂的国家,这些反馈信息的准确程度和及时性是要打上一个问号的。当然,一旦中央政府掌握情况做出决定之后,其影响也是巨大的。例如,中央政治局在大年初一召开会议成立新冠肺炎疫情领导小组,这是一个非常积极的政治上的表态,使得各个地方意识到问题的严重性,马上采取更加坚决的反应。但中国的问题是,一旦这么做了,成本也是巨大的,很多地方就会采取 “一刀切” 的政策,现在疫情得到缓解,需要逐渐恢复正常经济社会秩序,执行起来非常困难。从长远来看,应对突发事件不能总在地方政府反应迟缓的“0”和中央政府全面动员的“1”两个选项之间做抉择。如果想从根本上改进我们的应急管理体系,今后在法律规定上,应该给地方政府在应急问题上更大的授权,鼓励他们去发布预警、采取措施,在需要的情况下使当地进入应急状态,而避免事件在初期时不能得到及时处理并上升为全国性事件。对于全国其他地方,也要让大家根据自己的情况斟酌具体怎么做。我们的国家各地差异实在太大了,同一个具体政策在全国各地刚性执行要特别谨慎。2003年之后,我参与《突发事件应对法》的研究,这部法律原来有很重要一块内容涉及到应急状态,后来把这块整个都给删掉了,导致地方政府在应对突发事件中的一些行为存在法律漏洞。以上都是讲政府内中央和地方的关系,另一方面,也应当注意政府和社会的关系。要把社会体系的建设作为一个重要任务来推进,真正让社会有生机、有活力,与行政体系产生良性互动,而不是被强大的行政体系所吸纳,这方面的工作任重道远。我们总是有各种各样的担心,总是想把各种社会组织严格地管起来才放心,但这样恰恰又会影响其活力,这也是需要我们在日常的公共治理体系中去实践去探索的。03风险永远走在人类进步的前面,经验不是万能的《知识分子》:2003年非典疫情时,我们曾在初期犯下瞒报、漏报的错误,没能及时处置,但影响范围也没有今天这么大,为什么在拥有更强大技术手段的今天,反而出现了更严重的后果?薛 澜:我曾经在课上给学生们讲过一句话——风险永远走在人类进步的前面。这次新冠肺炎我们虽然很快就完成了病毒的基因测序,但对这个病毒行为特点的判断开始还是有失误的,由此也导致了初期的应对失误。新冠病毒还是和SARS很不同的。SARS两个重要的特点是,一是潜伏期不具有传染性或传染性极低;二是发病后发热症状明显。这两个特点使得其在防控措施上相对容易,采取测温度并把发热者进一步甄别。但现在我们才知道有些人在感染新冠病毒后既有传染性还没有什么症状,这样的情况在防控上是要困难得多。所以把应对新冠肺炎和应对非典作对比不一定完全恰当。另一方面,这次疫情发生的时间恰逢春运,如果不是由于这一点,武汉市也应该不会有五百万人离开,造成全国范围扩散。所以现在看来,1月23日封城的决策虽然是亡羊补牢,但现在看来是果断正确的,否则会有更多的人离开造成更大的扩散。当然,武汉市为此付出了沉重的代价,全国人民应该感谢武汉!虽然有这些客观原因,无需讳言的是,我们传统治理模式的烙印仍然没有清除,一些地方政府或部门总是害怕公众知道真实情况后就会影响社会安定,导致我们失去了提前警示公众的机会。这个教训是深刻的。地方政府要摆脱父母官的心态,要相信公众的学习和鉴别能力。另外就是我们整个社会的应急能力还是十分薄弱的。理想的情况下,武汉封城实际上表明武汉应对疫情进入战时状态,按照应急管理的经验,整个武汉市要立即成立一个强有力的指挥系统来应对疫情,包括收治病人及防止扩散。另一套指挥体系要保障城市的正常运行。现在回过头来看,疫情应对指挥体系当时没有估计到已感染患者人数已远远超出武汉市医疗系统救治能力,需要马上向中央请求大部队的增援。所以各地援助医疗队虽然一批批地过去了,但始终是落后于救治需求。这也导致了大量潜在感染者聚集在医院外面排队希望得到诊断治疗,这实际上给广泛的交叉感染提供了机会。直到后来,明确了应收尽收、应查尽查、应治尽治的策略,设立各类方舱医院,在不同地点安置诊疗,这个问题才得到缓解。这个应对过程有很多教训是可以分析和汲取的。武汉疫情初期大量潜在感染者到医院集中排队诊疗的现象也和我国医疗体系存在的问题密切相关。居民看病先往医院跑这本身就是个问题。假设出现症状后都先跟家庭医生联系,或者到社区的诊所去,那么交叉感染的问题就可以大大避免了。所以,我们原有医疗体系长期存在的问题也是需要反思解决的。另外,在应急指挥体系中,一方面要有常规的专业人士分析判断,但另一方面,也需要有另外一些人能够跳出原有专业的束缚去分析问题,提供解决办法。比如,对于医疗专业领域的人来说,方舱医院这个想法一开始可能很难接受,因为它与常规的传染病收治的条件与专业标准一定会有差距。但在当时的情况下,尽可能先把病人疏散开,减少交叉感染,然后逐步解决收治条件是非常实际有效的。而在诊断标准方面,也存在同样的问题。《知识分子》:有人在设想如果疫情发生在北京、上海和深圳这些看起来治理比较好的地方,情况是不是就不会这么严重呢?薛 澜:这也很难说。北京、上海和深圳这些地方总体治理水平高,但并不一定就等于这些地方的应急能力更强。另外,我们要改变一种思维模式,觉得只要我们能够吸取教训加强准备,什么样的问题都能应对,都能处理。我觉得还是要强调,风险总是走在人类进步前面。即使是北京、上海和深圳,面对此类疫情,仍然会是巨大的挑战。举例来讲,美国在应急方面总体来说是做的很好的,但几次重大事件,应对起来也遇到了很多问题。比如卡特琳娜飓风造成了巨大的生命财产损失,对于美国这样的国家是非常不应该的。所以在大自然面前,谁都不敢大意。我们必须做好思想准备,就是当新问题出现了,超出了我们的应对能力,我们还是需要在过程中去好好学习,尽最大可能学习得更快,反应得更灵敏,把损失降得更低,这种学习能力十分关键。04复盘反思比查处更重要,不能让问责掩盖细节 《知识分子》:目前社会上问责的声音很多。我们应当如何在处理应对不利的官员和允许他们总结教训、获得第二次机会间权衡?问责导向的事后调查会否掩盖了事件本身的细节或者学习机会?薛 澜:对于突发事件处置不利的官员需要区别处理,确保不会由于处理官员影响疫情防控。这次湖北省和武汉市主要领导在应对疫情过程中的确出现了不少失误,尤其是当地公众已经失去了对领导的信任,并且成为一种普遍情绪,这时不管他们有什么理由,确实都得要换。2月3日中央政治局的会议说的非常好,这次疫情是对我国治理体系和能力的一次大考,我们一定要总结经验、吸取教训。希望这次事件之后我们能够好好地调查、分析、总结、提炼。这种调查应该是以学习为导向而不是以惩罚为导向的。2003年非典以来,每次发生重大事件都要进行问责,然后查处一批官员,现在已经形成了一种惯例。对于工作不力玩忽职守的官员,这种问责非常重要。但也要避免形成一种潜在的逻辑,就是这些事件发生的原因都是个人的,如果我们换上了更加负责任更加能干的人就没有问题了。这样的思维导向会让事件的分析调查成为大家分摊责任的过程,而事件中的一些重要细节没有被更深入的探寻,导致我们失去学习机会,丧失了进行体制机制改革的机会。美国有一个国家交通安全委员会(NTSB),他们有一条明确规定,就是调查中获得的各种信息和数据都不会被作为法庭起诉问责的证据。安全委员会的主要责任就是实事求是,把事件的来龙去脉了解清楚,然后向美国的交通部或其他部门提出改进建议,其最终目的是为了提升交通安全。例如,在无视安全生产规范的环境下,生产安全事故几乎是肯定会发生的,最后无非是落在谁的头上。在这样的情况下,与其去惩罚个人,还不如考虑如何改善整体安全生产规范。另外在处理紧急情况时,谁都有可能会出现失误,这些情况不能作为问责的依据。要有一个容错机制,使得我们应急管理的指挥员敢于决策、善于学习,把每一次“战役”都变成学习机会。如果问责导向太强,就会使决策者循规蹈矩,不敢随机应变。《知识分子》:美国疾控中心在发布关于新型冠状病毒信息的时候,曾表示他们制定的政策有可能有误,但要把所有的基本信息公布给民众,让大家做好心理准备,基于这些信息来做出决定。相比之下,中国的政府机构可能在事情未完全确定时不太愿意向公众公开信息?比如,这次疫情中暴露出来的“内紧外松”的做法,您怎么看?薛 澜:我觉得就信息公开这方面来说,中国还是有很多方面可以改进的。政府应该加强透明度,敢于告诉公众潜在的风险,即使信息不完全不准确,也可以给公众预警,然后随着信息的完善不断更新。当然,也有一些特殊例外。如有人说武汉要封城的信息泄露的太早了,导致很多人提前出行了。关于内紧外松,2003年北京的教训应该非常深刻了,涉及公众安全的事情必须尽快跟公众沟通,这次武汉的医院再出现这样的问题真不应该。相关医生无非是把了解的情况通过非正常渠道传播了。我们正式渠道的直报系统也有其局限性。从风险的感知体系来讲,把正式渠道和非正式渠道的信息进行综合研判,会比依赖单一渠道好得多。文章选自知识分子,2020年2月28日
2020年2月29日 -
刘永好:没有过不去的坎儿
理事简介刘永好,全球化智库(CCG)资深副主席,新希望集团董事长。 在这场疫情阻击战中,许多企业面临着业务停滞、经营成本上升、资金周转困难等风险和压力的“第二战场”。既要战疫情,又要稳经营,广大民营企业正应时而变、积极迎战。 当前,我们正有序组织复工复产。我们采用现场办公与远程办公相结合、全封厂生产与半封闭管理相结合,电商前置仓与社区直通车相结合等方式,应对疫情带来的产业变化,逐步实现复工复产;同时还以线上面试形式启动今年的全国春季招聘,为缓解就业压力做出自己的贡献。 在复工复产的过程中,企业得到了各级政府部门的有力保障,比如,我们遍布全国的食品加工、饲料公司已返岗复产95%,各级政府正积极协调原辅料及产品运输;旗下的防疫物资生产企业,也获得了各级政府全力支持,在向国家开发银行四川省分行提交申请后,次日即收到了3000万元的人行防疫专项应急贷款支持,极大提振了企业的经营信心。 最近,川商总会在对几千家企业调研基础上,梳理出一份调研报告。报告显示,大多数企业面临着资金链与现金流、生产经营等压力,将采取运营优化等办法来应对,同时也希望政府在税收优惠、金融扶持、用工补贴等方面给予支持。 回望40多年的改革开放大潮,民营企业经历过很多困难和挑战。但只要我们团结一心,因时而变,积极应对、共克时艰,就没有过不去的坎儿。文章选自《人民日报》,2020年2月20日
2020年2月25日 -
梁建章:经济疫后复苏需要哪些政策
专家简介梁建章:全球化智库(CCG)资深副主席、携程执行董事局主席、北京大学光华管理学院教授。过去一个月以来,全国上下全力抗击新冠肺炎疫情,生产和服务行业则处于半瘫痪状态。虽然近期的疫情防治形势已逐步好转,但仍有很多企业迟迟不能完全复工。同时,投资和消费信心还有待恢复,导致中国经济今年面临巨大的风险。所以在严格防治疫情的同时,我们必须从现在开始就为中国经济的复苏进行提前谋划。最有效也最紧迫的经济复苏政策,应当包括以下五个方面。一、尽快取消不必要的隔离措施为了防控疫情,目前许多地方采取了封闭村口、社区口、在高速入口“劝返”等做法,导致返程人员进不了城市、回不了小区。有些地方的各自为政和互相封锁,既影响了人员流动也妨碍了物资流动。当前的许多制造业企业,由于员工不到位、原料供给不足、生产供应链断裂等因素的影响,正面临无法正常开工的危局。同时,占国民经济半壁江山的服务行业依旧处于半瘫痪状态,比如从业人数巨大的房地产和餐饮行业还在苦苦挣扎。由于过度隔离,导致这些行业的中小企业将面临更加漫长的恢复期。至于这些企业的员工,本身往往是低收入人群,如果企业不能复工,那么员工也将面临失业和返贫的危险,甚至可能因此引发社会不稳定。所以,对于大部分疫情初步得到有效控制的地区,需要尽快取消对于普通民众的过度隔离政策,并且尽快恢复铁路、航空等公共交通的正常运转,确保员工能够尽早回到工作岗位。二、政府落实减免税费的政策延迟开工显然会给企业带来巨大的经营压力,尤其是那些抗风险能力较弱的中小企业,目前的处境应当更加危险。2月初以来,一些地方政府陆续出台与中小微企业共渡难关的帮扶政策,包括减免租金、延缓纳税以及允许延期缴纳社保等等。然而,延期缴纳社保虽然可以减轻企业短期的支付压力,但迟早还是得交,有时只是将短期压力延后到了下一个时间段,不足以化解很多企业目前面临的现金流困难。因此,除了应该针对企业缴费部分给予阶段性的减免之外,对于某些受到重大打击的行业,如旅游、航空、餐饮等行业的企业,国家层面还需要考虑提供必要的低息或无息贷款,帮助这些企业渡过资金方面的难关。三、在中心城市加大土地供应和基础设施建设以往刺激经济的灵药就是投资拉动,但现在很多行业已经产能过剩,并且基础设施的投资也逐步饱和,所以我们急需一个巨大且高效的新投资方向来拉动内需。对于大城市进行扩容,是唯一可以迅速拉动内需且高回报的投资。对此可以用价格信号来论证——中国的各种商品和服务普遍物美价廉,唯独大城市的房子是世界上最贵的(相对于当地人均收入)。这种现象本不该出现,因为中国具备世界上高效的建设能力,无论建造房子还是基础建设的速度都是世界第一的。我们只用10天就能建好一座医院,为何在大城市还一房难求呢?问题的症结,在于我们过去始终严格控制大城市的用地。只要加大土地供应,就可以拉动一大批相关产业。根据分析,中国的城市化率比同样发展水平的国家要低20个百分点,所以还有巨大的城市化空间。但必须指出的是,目前中小城市的房地产已经过剩,只有大城市还具有巨大的扩容空间。如果我们把中国前二十大城市再扩容50%,就可以拉动数十万亿的房地产、基础设施和其他相关产业的投资。在大城市加大土地供应和基础设施建设,有助于各大城市平抑房价,降低城市生活成本,最终惠及各方。扩容大城市还有助于提升创新力,中国最大的优势是具有世界第一的市场规模和人才规模,而绝大部分创新都来自于人才聚集的大城市。扩容大城市可以充分发挥这样的规模优势和集聚效应,增强中国整体的科技创新力。这些城市未来不仅是创新创业的热土,更是环境优良、交通便利、拥有充足教育和医疗资源的宜居之地。城市扩容不仅可以惠及高技能人才,还可以容纳很多服务行业的普通劳动者,帮助他们彻底摆脱贫困。四、加大对外交流开放的力度国家之间的竞争,关键是创新力的竞争。保持外部交流的畅通是创新的保障,这也正是美国要和中国脱钩的目的所在,美国甚至还试图说服其他国家和中国脱钩。最近由于疫情,美国、澳大利亚等国家已经大面积取消航班甚至限制中国人入境,中国正在面临“脱钩的风险”。要减少这种风险,我们就必须全方位地加强和世界的联系。加强对外交流的内容,包括商品交流、资金交流、信息交流和人员交流。在这些方面,我们在商品交流方面已经做得很好,但在人员、信息和资金交流方面还有很大的提升空间。在人员交流方面,中国的入境人数远远少于出境人数。签证不便利是外国人入境偏少的重要原因。要促进国际交流和入境旅游,最立竿见影的举措之一,就是大幅提高签证的便利度,从而吸引更多的外国人来华旅游、交流和工作。在信息交流方面,我们应当利用最新的高科技智能过滤手段,更加精准地管控海外互联网内容,尽量避免阻碍非敏感信息的畅通交流,使国际互联网也成为中国走向世界的通道和工具。在开放投资方面,可以进一步加大金融服务、医疗教育的开放力度,最近特斯拉在上海的投资就是一个很好的例子。中国高效的政府、优良的基础设施和强大的配套能力,使得特斯拉创纪录地不到一年就实现量产,这展示了中国的实力和开放的姿态,希望这些成功案例,能激励各国的高科技企业来中国投资设厂。五、全面放开并鼓励生育根据国家统计局数据,去年出生人口为1465万,比上年减少58万。这是继2017年以来,出生人口连续第三年下降。更令人担忧的是,去年出生的二孩中有一半以上,还是靠全面二孩政策带来的生育堆积效应。如果去除暂时性的生育堆积,中国的自然生育率仅有1.1左右。1.1的生育率,就是平均每个妇女只有1.1个小孩,意味每代人会将近减半。中国的新出生人口未来几年将会断崖式下降到1000万以下,由此带来的老龄化和创新规模效应的削弱,将是中国经济的最大隐患。避免出生人口的这种断崖式下降的唯一办法,是大幅提升生育率,但目前可预料的几乎所有因素,比如进一步城市化、教育水平提升、生育年龄推迟、育儿竞争白热化,全都在进一步挤压本来就极低的生育意愿。不要说提升生育率,未来能维持生育率不再继续下滑都属幸运。面向未来,提振生育率到更替水平2.1以上,才是确保中国可持续发展乃至延续中华文明的唯一选择。要做到这点,就需要立即全面放开并大力鼓励生育,实在没有理由再对此拖延。长远来看,人口危机未来对民众福祉、中国社会和中华文明的负面影响,要比新冠肺炎疫情大出无数倍。总之,目前需要在疫情已经得到控制的地区,尽快恢复社会的正常秩序,加大对中小企业扶持力度以避免倒闭潮,用大城市扩容来拉动内需,加大对外开放力度来促进产业投资和创新,当然最重要的和最紧迫的,则是马上推出放开和鼓励生育的政策。文章选自在线旅讯,2020年2月21日
2020年2月25日